Holographic heat engines and static black holes: A general efficiency formula

摘要

Starting from simple observations regarding heat flows for static black holes (or any thermodynamic system with C-V = 0), we get inequalities which restrict their change in energy and adiabatic curves in the p - T plane. Prom these observations, we then derive an exact efficiency formula for virtually any holographic heat engine defined by a cycle in the p - V plane, whose working substance is a static black hole. Moreover, we get an upper bound for its efficiency and show that for a certain class of black holes, this bound is universal and achieved by an "ideal gas" hole. Finally, we compute exact efficiencies for some particular and new engines.