Environmental life cycle assessment of different biorefinery platforms valorizing olive wastes to biofuel, phosphate salts, natural antioxidant, and an oxygenated fuel additive (triacetin)

摘要

The olive agro-industry is a global, large-scale chemical- and energy-intensive agricultural activity in which byproducts and residues are not generally used and end up as waste. Therefore, designing and implementing innovative platforms based on circular bioeconomy and zero-discharge principles are critical to enhancing the sustainability of the olive supply chain system. We recently designed and compared two olive agro-biorefinery approaches with conventional olive oil production (i.e., olive/olive oil production, including olive cultivation and oil extraction). The first agro-biorefinery system included olive cultivation and oil extraction from fruit and pomace for edible use, with the remaining pomace post-oil extraction used as animal feed.