Clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers, electronic-cigarette users and never-smokers

摘要

Objective: There are no studies that have compared the clinical (plaque index [PI], bleeding on probing [BOP], probing depth [PD], clinical attachment loss [AL] and number of missing teeth [MT]) and radiographic (marginal bone loss [MBL]) periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of proinflammatory cytokines among cigarette-smokers and individuals using electronic-cigarettes. The aim was to compare the clinical periodontal status and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokine profile among cigarette-smokers (Group 1), electronic-cigarette users (Group-2) and never-smokers (Group-3).