Precision characterization of three ultrafine condensation particle counters using singly charged salt clusters in the 1-4 nm size range generated by a bipolar electrospray source

摘要

Molecular singly charged clusters generated by electrospray sources are commonly used for calibration measurements of ultrafine Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) in the sub-2 nm size range. This technique has been limited to the smallest singly charged clusters. In this study, we used a bipolar electrospray source combining two electrosprays of opposite polarities to generate singly charged clusters of ammonium salts dissolved in acetonitrile, i.e., tetra-heptyl ammonium bromide (THABr) and tetra-butyl ammonium iodide (TBAI) clusters. A high-resolution UDMA acts as a classifier for positively and negatively charged clusters which are used as mobility standards for the measurement of the complete ascent of the detection efficiency curve of three ultrafine CPCs. The CPCs characterized in this work are two laminar flow-type CPCs using n-butanol (TSI UCPC Model 3776, TSI Inc., Minneapolis, MN USA) and diethylene glycol (DEG) (TSI UCPC Model 3777, TSI Inc.) as working fluid and the turbulent mixing-type DEG-based Particle Size Magnifier (Airmodus A10 PSM). The clusters generated by the bipolar electrospray source are analyzed for their elemental composition using the Atmospheric Pressure interface Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometer (ioniAPi-TOF, Ionicon Analytik GmbH, Austria) in positive and negative ion mode. We present mobility-dependent mass spectra from experiments using the UDMA and the ioniAPi-TOF in series for the analysis of positively charged clusters when operating the electrospray source in unipolar and in bipolar mode to demonstrate the charge reduction and purity of the sample.