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Antibiotic resistance as a tragedy of the commons: An ethical argument for a tax on antibiotic use in humans

机译：作为公共悲剧的抗生素抵抗：人类抗生素使用税的道德论证

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Abstract > To the extent that antibiotic resistance ( <fc>ABR</fc> ) is accelerated by antibiotic consumption and that it represents a serious public health emergency, it is imperative to drastically reduce antibiotic consumption, particularly in high‐income countries. I present the problem of <fc>ABR</fc> as an instance of the collective action problem known as ‘tragedy of the commons’. I propose that there is a strong ethical justification for taxing certain uses of antibiotics, namely when antibiotics are required to treat minor and self‐limiting infections, such as respiratory tract infections, in otherwise healthy individuals. Taxation would allow a reduction in consumption (given certain behavioural economics assumptions) and/or ensure that individuals internalize or compensate for their contribution to the erosion of the common good of antibiotic effectiveness. I suggest that revenue from the tax could be used to fund conservation and innovation strategies. Taxation might be a coercive policy, especially for certain individuals, but the ethical case for coercive policies is very strong when the good to be preserved is important enough and when they force individuals to do something they have a moral obligation to do anyway. I argue that, in the case of mild and self‐limiting infections, individuals have a moral duty of easy rescue and a moral duty of fairness to make their contribution to the preservation of the common good of antibiotic effectiveness by foregoing antibiotics. I also suggest that taxing antibiotics in such cases is an all things considered ethically justified policy even if it would introduce inequalities in access to healthcare. </abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> <div class="translation abstracttxt"> <span class="zhankaihshouqi fivelineshidden" id="abstract"> <span>机译：</span><Abstract Type =“Main”XML：ID =“Bioe12598-Abs-Abs-0001”XML：Lang =“en”> <标题类型=“main”>摘录</标题> >抗生素抗性的程度（< FC> ABR </ FC>）通过抗生素消费加速，并且它代表着严重的公共卫生紧急情况，迫切会降低抗生素消费，特别是在高收入国家。我介绍了<fc> abr </ fc>作为称为“公共悲剧”的集体行动问题的一个例子。我建议征税某些抗生素的征税有强烈的道德理由，即当需要抗生素治疗少数和自我限制的感染，例如健康个体的呼吸道感染。税收将允许减少消费（鉴于某些行为经济学假设）和/或确保个人内化或弥补他们对抗生素效果常见良好良好良好侵蚀的贡献。我建议税收的收入可用于资助保护和创新策略。税收可能是强制性政策，特别是对于某些人，但由于保存的良好良好的策略政策的道德案例非常强劲，当他们强迫个人做某事时，他们有任何道德义务。我认为，在轻度和自我限制的感染的情况下，个人具有轻松救援的道德义务和公平的道德义务，使其通过前述抗生素来保护抗生素效果的共同益智贡献。我还建议在这种情况下征税抗生素是一切都被认为是道德合理的政策，即使它会引入医疗保健的不平等。 </ p> </ abstract> </span> <span class="z_kbtn z_kbtnclass hoverxs" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> <div class="record"> <h2 class="all_title" id="enpatent33" >著录项</h2> <ul> <li> <span class="lefttit">来源</span> <div style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"> <a href='/journal-foreign-14793/'>《Bioethics》</a> <b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>2019年第7期</span><b style="margin: 0 2px;">|</b><span>共9页</span> </div> </li> <li> <div class="author"> <span class="lefttit">作者</span> <p id="fAuthorthree" class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi"> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Giubilini Alberto&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Giubilini Alberto;</a> </p> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zkzz" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </li> <li> <div style="display: flex;"> <span class="lefttit">作者单位</span> <div style="position: relative;margin-left: 3px;max-width: 639px;"> <div class="threelineshidden zhankaihshouqi" id="fOrgthree"> <p>University of OxfordOxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;</p> </div> <span class="z_kbtnclass z_kbtnclassall hoverxs" id="zhdw" style="display: none;">展开▼</span> </div> </div> </li> <li > <span class="lefttit">收录信息</span> <span style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;display: inline-block;"></span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">原文格式</span> <span>PDF</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">正文语种</span> <span>eng</span> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">中图分类</span> <span><a href="https://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/clc/15.html" title="生物科学">生物科学;</a></span> </li> <li class="antistop"> <span class="lefttit">关键词</span> <p style="width: 86%;vertical-align: text-top;"> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=antibiotic resistance&option=203" rel="nofollow">antibiotic resistance;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=antimicrobial resistance&option=203" rel="nofollow">antimicrobial resistance;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=drug resistance&option=203" rel="nofollow">drug resistance;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=public health ethics&option=203" rel="nofollow">public health ethics;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=taxation&option=203" rel="nofollow">taxation;</a> <a style="color: #3E7FEB;" href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=tragedy of the commons&option=203" rel="nofollow">tragedy of the commons;</a> </p> <div class="translation"> 机译：抗生素抗性;抗菌抗性;耐药;公共卫生道德;税收;公共的悲剧; </div> </li> <li> <span class="lefttit">入库时间</span> <span>2022-08-19 22:53:49</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="literature cardcommon"> <div class="similarity "> <h3 class="all_title" id="enpatent66">相似文献</h3> <div class="similaritytab clearfix"> <ul> <li class="active" >外文文献</li> <li >中文文献</li> <li >专利</li> </ul> </div> <div class="similarity_details"> <ul > <li> <div> <b>1. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/0704021837997.html">Antibiotic resistance as a tragedy of the commons: An ethical argument for a tax on antibiotic use in humans</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Giubilini Alberto&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Giubilini Alberto </a> <a href="/journal-foreign-14793/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Bioethics .</a> <span>2019</span><span>,第7期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：作为公共悲剧的抗生素抵抗：人类抗生素使用税的道德论证</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>2. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/journal-foreign-detail/070405284798.html">Tragedy of the commons among antibiotic resistance plasmids</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=smith J.&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">smith J. </a> <a href="/journal-foreign-23056/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution .</a> <span>2012</span><span>,第4期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：抗生素抗性质粒之间共同性的悲剧</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>3. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-journal-foreign_detail_thesis/0204119423107.html">Immediate Appearance of Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Multiple Antibiotics upon Antibiotic Selection: an Argument for Systematic Resistance Epidemiology</a> <b>[J]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Sebastiaan J. van Hal&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Sebastiaan J. van Hal,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Agnieszka Wiklendt&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Agnieszka Wiklendt,</a> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Bj?rn Espedido&option=202" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_auth tuijian_authcolor">Bj?rn Espedido,</a> <a href="/journal-foreign-33923/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="tuijian_authcolor">Journal of Clinical Microbiology .</a> <span>2009</span><span>,第7期</span> </span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：选择抗生素后，质粒介导的对多种抗生素的耐药性立即出现：系统性耐药流行病学的论点。</span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>4. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/academic-conference-foreign_meeting-257037_thesis/0705014838091.html">HORIZONTAL TRANSFER OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES IN NATURE: IS AGRICULTURAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS HAZARDOUS TO HUMAN MEDICINE?</a> <b>[C]</b> . <span> <a href="/search.html?doctypes=4_5_6_1-0_4-0_1_2_3_7_9&sertext=Abigail A. 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resistance genes from clinical specimens for routine diagnosis in microbiology laboratories</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  EP1138786B1 </span> <span> . 2013-09-11</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: initial;"> <span>机译：特异性和通用扩增引物，可快速检测和鉴定临床标本中常见的细菌病原体和抗生素抗性基因，以便在微生物实验室中进行常规诊断 </span> </p> </li> <li> <div> <b>4. </b><a class="enjiyixqcontent" href="/patent-detail/06130421281922.html">Common bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as related species specific for the rapid detection and identification of antibiotic resistance genes, genus-specific and universal probes and primers from clinical specimens for diagnosis of microbial lab</a> <b>[P]</b> . <span> 外国专利：  JP5221507B2 </span> <span> . 2013-06-26</span> </div> <p class="zwjiyix translation" style="max-width: initial;height: auto;word-break: break-all;white-space: initial;text-overflow: initial;overflow: 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