While docked at the port,ships shut off their propulsion engines,but they use their auxiliary engines to power refrigeration,lights,pumps and other equipment.These auxiliary engines are usually powered by high-sulphur marine heavy fuel oil(HFO),or in some cases by lower-sulphur marine gas oil(MGO),resulting in significant emissions of air pollutants,including sulphur dioxide(SO2),nitrogen oxides(NOx),particulates(PM),and volatile organic compounds(VOCs).
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