Complementary-Relationship-Based Modeling of Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Across China During 1982-2012: Validations and Spatiotemporal Analyses

摘要

Having recognized the limitations in spatial representativeness and/or temporal coverage of (i) current ground ET_a observations and (ii) land surface model- and remote sensing-based ET_a estimates due to uncertainties in soil and vegetation parameters, a calibration-free nonlinear complementary relationship (CR) model is employed with inputs of air and dew-point temperature, wind speed, and net radiation to estimate 0.1°, monthly ET_a over China during 1982-2012. The modeled ET_a rates were first validated against 13 eddy-covariance measurements, producing Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values in the range of 0.72-0.94. On the basin scale, the modeled ET_a values yielded a relative bias of 6%, and a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency value of 0.80 in comparison with water-balance-derived evapotranspiration rates across 10 major river basins in China, indicating the CR-simulated ET_a rates reliable over China. Further evaluations suggest that the CR-based ET_a product is more accurate than seven other mainstream ET_a products. The 31-year mean annual ET_a value decreases from the southeast to the northwest in China, resulting in a country average of 406 ± 15 mm/year. The country-representative annual ET_a rates slightly decreased with a rate of -0.5 mm/ year (p = 0.86) during 1982-2012. Annual ET_a increased significantly over most parts of western and northeastern China but decreased significantly in many regions of the North China Plain as well as in the eastern and southern coastal regions. The present CR-based method, with its calibration-free nature and minimal data requirement, could help future calibrations/verifications of the more complex and more data-intensive land surface model- and remote sensing-based models.