This is a category of transplant related complications that will come to the attention of a broad array of urologists. Ureter al strictures are a common urological complication after transplantation. Nonetheless, they remain at a low incidence. Short anastomotic strictures developing early after transplant may be successfully addressed with endourological management. Patients with strictures developing after 3 months are less likely to be successfully treated with minimally invasive techniques. A high level of success is described using open reconstructive techniques, with a restricted definition of success, ie stent-free unobstructed urine flow. The techniques used for reconstruction included repeat ureteroneocystostomy, Boari flap ureteroneocystostomy, native ureter ure-teroureterostomy and pyelovesicostomy. The authors provide considerable information on this topic and a balanced discussion.
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