Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized not only by motor symptoms, but also by nonmotor symptoms such as urinary urgency, frequency and incontinence, which are mainly induced by detrusor over-activity. Kitta et al (page 1890) from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania examined the effect of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist on the micturition reflex in a rat model of Parkinson disease induced by 6-hy-droxydopamine injection. The effects of the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 (ZM), the dopamine Dl receptor agonist SKF38393 and the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole on bladder activity were examined.
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