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Quantitative review of fungicide efficacy trials for managing soybean rust in Brazil

机译:在巴西处理大豆锈病的杀菌剂功效试验的定量综述

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With the arrival of Asian soybean rust (caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in the Western Hemisphere in 2001, field research to optimize chemical control of this important yield-limiting disease has proliferated. We present a meta-analytical synthesis of the results of 71 uniform fungicide trials containing 930 entries (specific fungicidal treatments) conducted in Brazil from 2003/2004 to 2006/2007. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the overall efficacy of fungicidal treatments in reducing disease and yield loss; (2) determine to what extent fungicide efficacy depends on overall disease pressure, the number of spray applications, and the amount of disease present at the time of the first application; and (3) test for differences in efficacy among fungicide classes and specific active ingredients. Weighted median response ratios for disease severity (R"S) and yield (R"Y) were 0.413 and 1.439, respectively, indicating that, on average, fungicide treatments reduced disease by 58.7% (range: -38.9-100%) and increased yield by 43.9% (range: -21.8-458%). Response ratios were dependent on disease pressure (expressed as disease severity of the untreated check), with the greatest reduction in rust severity (i.e., lowest R"S values) observed for low disease pressure and the best yield response (i.e., highest R"Y values) observed for high disease pressure. In trials where both one and two application schedules were included, R"S and R"Y were better for entries receiving two applications than for one application. In ~65% of entries across all trials, disease was present at the time of the first application, albeit at low levels (median=0.20% severity). Only disease severities of up to 0.05% at the time of the first application could be tolerated without affecting R"S negatively, whereas presence of any disease at the first application had a negative effect on R"Y, even when disease pressure was low. In general, triazole fungicides applied alone performed better than strobilurins alone, but there was a wide range in efficacy among individual triazoles, with prothioconazole and tebuconazole performing best and fluquinconazole and difenoconazole being least effective. Combinations of strobilurins with triazoles (especially those containing cyproconazole) improved disease and yield loss control compared with either class alone. In contrast, combinations of triazoles with a benzimidazole fungicide did not improve R"S or R"Y compared with triazoles alone. Across fungicides, R"Y and R"S were correlated negatively (r=-0.6296, P=0.0017), indicating that treatments with better disease control also had higher yields.
机译:随着2001年亚洲大豆锈病(由Phakopsora pachyrhizi引起)进入西半球,为优化对该重要限产病害的化学控制而进行的田间研究激增。我们提供了从2003/2004年至2006/2007年在巴西进行的71项均匀杀菌剂试验的结果的荟萃分析综合,其中包括930项条目(特定的杀菌处理)。我们的目标是:(1)量化杀菌治疗在减少疾病和减产方面的整体功效; (2)确定杀菌剂的功效在多大程度上取决于总体疾病压力,喷药次数和首次施用​​时的疾病数量; (3)测试杀菌剂类别和特定活性成分之间功效的差异。疾病严重度(R“ S)和产量(R” Y)的加权中位缓解率分别为0.413和1.439,这表明,平均而言,杀菌剂治疗可使疾病减少58.7%(范围:-38.9-100%)并增加收率提高43.9%(范围:-21.8-458%)。反应率取决于疾病压力(表示为未经治疗的检查的疾病严重程度),对于低疾病压力和最佳产量响应(即最高R”),观察到的锈病严重程度降低幅度最大(即最低R“ S值)。 Y值)表示疾病压力高。在同时包含一个和两个申请时间表的试验中,对于收到两个申请的条目,R“ S和R” Y优于一个申请。在所有试验中约65%的条目中,首次应用时就出现了疾病,尽管其水平较低(中位数= 0.20%严重性)。在第一次使用时,仅可耐受高达0.05%的疾病严重程度,而不会对R“ S产生负面影响,而即使在疾病压力低的情况下,第一次使用任何疾病都对R” Y产生负面影响。一般而言,单独使用三唑类杀菌剂的效果要比单独的球果伞素好,但个别三唑类药物的疗效差异很大,其中丙硫菌康唑和戊唑醇效果最好,而氟喹康唑和二苯并呋喃唑效果最低。与单独的任一类相比,嗜球果伞素与三唑(尤其是含有环丙康唑的那些)的组合可改善疾病和产量损失的控制。相反,与单独的三唑相比,三唑与苯并咪唑杀真菌剂的组合没有改善R” S或R” Y。在各种杀真菌剂中,R” Y和R” S呈负相关(r = -0.6296,P = 0.0017),这表明疾病控制较好的治疗也具有较高的产量。

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