Optimized Training Systems for Fuji, Gala, Honeycrisp -Precision Apple Production Systems: Modular, Pedestrian, Fruiting Walls

摘要

Apple tree architecture influences yield and most cultural practices. While a first level of tree structure is necessary, there is not strict need for a second level, or large branches that are essential in some training like centrifugal pruning and solaxe. The principle behind the multi-leader (ML) training is to achieve manageable narrow canopies that are made by numerous small leaders spaced 30-50 cm apart and carrying tiny fruiting limbs. Several trials have been carried out on two experimental farms of the Fondazione E. Mach (F.E.M.) in northeast Italy from 2005 to 2015 with the aim of comparing ML training and spindle to reduce input of labour and chemicals. The last set of trials (2009-2015) was aimed to achieve semi-pedestrian or even pedestrian orchards with 3, 4, 6, 8 or even more leaders planted at 2.0-2.5 m between rows.