Concentration problems and memory deficits are often reported by patients suffering from whiplash syndrome after a motor-vehicle collision. The current paper reviews the literature on cognitive impairment after whiplash injury, both in the sub-acute stages (the first two weeks) and in the chronic stage (> 6 months post-injury). Several studies have shown that these cognitive complaints can be objectively assessed using neuropsychological tests, and impairments have been found in attention and concentration, memory and learning, and cognitive flexibility. In addition, this review examines the origin of these complaints and impairments. Important factors which are argued to play a role in the development and maintenance of cognitive complaints are discussed, such as cerebral dysfunction, abnormal cervical input, chronic pain, use of medication, psychological distress, malingering and litigation. Finally, the paper will address the contribution of coping behavior on chronic symptomatology.
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