The effects of simulated rain and sun exposure on the plasma disposition of ivermectin following pour-on administration in heifers

摘要

Endectocides are widely used in different pharmaceutical formulations to treat endo- and ectoparasites in livestock and companion animals (McKellar & Benchaoui, 1996). Pour-on formulations of IVM, eprinomectin, doramectin and moxidectin are administered topically to treat endo- and ectoparasites in cattle. Pour-on administration has some advantages such as decreasing the risk of injury for both user and animal and particularly convenient for farmers compared with subcutaneous injection and per os routes (Hennessy, 1997). For these reasons, pour-on route has widely displaced therapeutically equivalent injectable formulations in farming practice and are routinely used to treat millions of cattle worldwide.