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From the primordial soup to self-driving cars: standards and their role in natural and technological innovation

机译:从原始汤汁到无人驾驶汽车:标准及其在自然和技术创新中的作用

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Standards are specifications to which the elements of a technology must conform. Here, we apply this notion to the biochemical 'technologies' of nature, where objects like DNA and proteins, as well as processes like the regulation of gene activity are highly standardized. We introduce the concept of standards with multiple examples, ranging from the ancient genetic material RNA, to Palaeolithic stone axes, and digital electronics, and we discuss common ways in which standards emerge in nature and technology. We then focus on the question of how standards can facilitate technological and biological innovation. Innovation-enhancing standards include those of proteins and digital electronics. They share common features, such as that few standardized building blocks can be combined through standard interfaces to create myriad useful objects or processes. We argue that such features will also characterize the most innovation-enhancing standards of future technologies.
机译:标准是技术要素必须遵循的规范。在这里,我们将这一概念应用于自然界的生化“技术”,其中诸如DNA和蛋白质之类的物体以及诸如基因活性调节之类的过程都高度标准化。我们通过多个示例介绍了标准的概念,包括古代遗传材料RNA,旧石器时代的石斧和数字电子产品,并讨论了在自然界和技术界出现标准的常见方式。然后,我们集中讨论标准如何促进技术和生物创新的问题。促进创新的标准包括蛋白质和数字电子技术的标准。它们具有共同的特征,例如很少有标准化的构建块可以通过标准接口进行组合,以创建大量有用的对象或过程。我们认为,这些功能还将成为未来技术中最具创新能力的标准的特征。

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