Robotic surgery, skills and simulation: a technical sport.

摘要

Hypertension is very prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). However, there are still several unsolved issues pertaining to the definition, variability, diagnosis and management of hypertension in these patients. This manuscript critically reviews the current challenges in clinical practice in defining, diagnosing and treating hypertension in CKD and ESRD patients. Moreover, the manuscript reviews the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of most anti-hypertensive drugs used in the management of these patients.