In the last decade, new applications of quantum mechanics have been explored in the area of so-called quantum information and computation, and have led to the need for understanding the problems of decoherence due to fluctuation. As is well known, most of these problems concerned with decoherence are deeply related to the fact that almost all of the systems are never really an isolated or closed system. Therefore, if one treats a macroscopic system as an open system, one must construct a reasonable theory for an open system.
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