50 years of cardiac surgery at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich.

摘要

At the end of the nineteenth century, following the building of the "Royal Surgical Clinic" of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich became an important center for all surgical subdivisions existing at the time attracting specialists from all over Germany. The outstanding international reputation of German physicians and surgeons was, however, significantly tarnished by the impact of two world wars and the political developments in Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. After the Second World War, it took German medicine many years to catch up with developments in other countries. Meanwhile the United States had become the leading country in the field of medicine, including the new area of cardiac surgery.