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A comparison of surface features on submerged and non-submerged bone using scanning electron microscopy

机译:使用扫描电子显微镜比较浸没骨和非浸没骨的表面特征

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Skeletal remains are excellent sources of information regarding the deceased individual and the taph-onomic history of their body. However, the accuracy of this information is governed by our ability to interpret features on the surface of a bone. Little research in this respect has been carried out on remains found in aquatic environments. This study compares damage features created on the surface of modern and archaeological bone found in a seawater environment, to surface features present on unmodified bone, archaeological bone, pathological bone and burned bone. Results show that no similarities with regard to surface pores were identified between submerged modern bone and archaeological, pathological and burned bone. Similarities were seen between submerged and dry archaeological bones. Thus it is argued that the misinterpretation of the taphonomic history of isolated bones recovered from bodies of water should be avoidable in the forensic context. Despite the vast expanses of water surrounding us and the regularity with which human remains are recovered from them, very little research has been conducted on the taphonomic changes undergone by bone as a consequence of prolonged submergence. When human remains are introduced into any aquatic environment, the nature and type of remains as well as the unique conditions of that particular environment will determine specific damage mechanisms, movement of the remains, decomposition and skeletonization. This combination of variables means that it is often difficult to successfully interpret the conditions surrounding the circumstance of death and time-since-death within the medico-legal context. This research therefore aims to provide some much needed information on the likely impact of damage from mobile sediments on the interpretation of bone surface features. Of the previously published work on human remains in bodies of water, most have described general trends with regard to soft tissue decomposition within an aquatic environment. A decomposing body within water can go through the standard phases of putrefication, saponification (adipocere formation) and mummification. Insect infestation and bird scavenging may also occur on the aerially exposed body parts, whereas fish, crustaceans and other types of aquatic organisms will scavenge on the submerged remains.4 This will increase the rate of decomposition and has an effect on the time taken for skeletal elements to be exposed and become available for change themselves.
机译:骨骼遗骸是有关已故者及其身体发育史的极好的信息来源。但是,此信息的准确性取决于我们解释骨骼表面特征的能力。在这方面,对在水生环境中发现的遗骸进行的研究很少。这项研究将在海水环境中发现的现代和考古骨骼表面上形成的破坏特征与未修饰骨骼,考古骨骼,病理骨骼和烧伤骨骼上存在的表面特征进行了比较。结果表明,淹没的现代骨骼与考古,病理和烧伤的骨骼之间在表面孔隙方面没有相似之处。淹没的和干燥的考古骨骼之间存在相似之处。因此,有人认为,在法医背景下应避免误解从水体中回收的孤立骨头的透声历史。尽管我们周围水域辽阔,人类的遗体恢复规律,但由于长时间浸入水中,骨骼发生的局部变化却很少进行研究。将遗骸引入任何水生环境后,遗骸的性质和类型以及该特定环境的独特条件将决定特定的破坏机制,遗骸的移动,分解和骨架化。变量的组合意味着在医学法律背景下,通常很难成功地解释围绕死亡和自死亡时间的情况。因此,本研究旨在提供一些非常需要的信息,说明可移动沉积物对骨骼表面特征的解释可能产生的影响。在先前发表的有关水体中人体残骸的著作中,大多数已经描述了有关水生环境中软组织分解的一般趋势。水中的分解体可以经历去污,皂化(附生体形成)和木乃伊化的标准阶段。暴露在空中的身体部位也可能发生昆虫侵害和鸟类清除活动,而鱼类,甲壳类动物和其他类型的水生生物则会清除被淹没的残骸。4这将增加分解速度,并影响骨骼修复所需的时间。要暴露的元素,并可以随时更改。

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