A theory of a discrete photodetection method is developed in which an atomic packet in a microresonator is used as a probe. Such a detector is adjusted by selecting the number of atoms in the packet, the constant of interaction between the mode under study and atoms and the interaction duration. The possibility is analyzed for using this detector to distinguish one-photon and two-photon Fock states and applications in protocols of linear optical quantum measurements and communications. A protocol of a Bell-state analyzer is prepared that allows one to distinguish all the four Bell states constructed on the polarization states of a photon pair.
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