Three-dimensional reconstruction of the coronary sinus using rotational angiography.

摘要

Cardiac resynchronization therapy has become one of the primary treatments for patients with congestive heart failure refractory to medical therapy. The implantation of the left ventricular pacing lead can be challenging due to anatomicvariations in the branching pattern of the coronary sinus. Standard contrast angiography provides only a static fixed projection of the coronary venous tree. Typically, multiple contrast injections are obtained to gain a better understanding of vessels overlap and foreshortening. But even in this situation, the site of side branch takeoff, its angulation, and course cannot be reliably predicted-particularly in the presence of complex branching patterns.