Landscape and climate determine patterns of spread for all colour morphs of the alien ladybird Harmonia axyridis

摘要

AimUnderstanding why some areas are more vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien species than others represents a key challenge in invasion biology. We investigated the roles of landscape, climate, proximity to initial invasion sites, recording intensity and colour pattern polymorphism in explaining the spread of the invasive ladybird Harmonia axyridis across Great Britain.