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Florence baptistery: chemical and mineralogical investigation of glass mosaic tesserae

机译:佛罗伦萨洗礼堂:玻璃马赛克镶嵌的化学和矿物学研究

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A recent restoration of the mosaics of the Baptistery in Florence enabled the collection and analysis of a group of glass tesserae. Twenty-three tesserae, dated between the end of the 13th century and the first half of the 14th century, showing different colors were sampled and analyzed to identify the :raw materials, colorants and opacifiers employed in their production. Chemical analyses of major and minor elements, performed by WDS-EMPA, showed that the sample set can be subdivided into two groups on the basis of the flux employed during production: i) a group of seven samples with high levels of K2O, and ii) a group of sixteen Na-rich samples. Analyses of the main components of the glass, yielded by the vitrifying portion, suggest that two different typologies of raw materials with different proportions of carbonatic and feldspatic components were employed for the production of these tesserae. Scanning electron microscopy observations, coupled with EDS qualitative analyses and X-ray powder diffraction experiments, revealed the presence of SnO2 crystals dispersed in a high lead matrix in all the opaque samples, with higher concentrations of particles in the white samples. Spectroscopic analyses using Fibre Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) for the identification of chromophores were also conducted on the mosaic tesserae with the aim of acquiring data for integration with information collected in other analyses. This technique was applied in situ, being non-invasive, simple and inexpensive. The data here obtained are compared with the historical sources available (glass recipe books I to identify the raw materials and the glassmaking techniques employed in view to establish relationships between the existing local production and the analyzed mosaic glass.
机译:最近对佛罗伦萨洗礼池的马赛克进行了修复,从而可以对一组玻璃镶嵌动物进行收集和分析。在13世纪末至14世纪上半叶之间的23朵tesserae被采样并显示出不同的颜色,并进行了分析,以确定其生产中使用的原材料,着色剂和遮光剂。由WDS-EMPA进行的主要和次要元素的化学分析表明,根据生产过程中使用的助熔剂,可以将样品组分为两类:i)一组七个含高K2O的样品,和ii )一组16个富含Na的样品。对玻璃化部分产生的玻璃主要成分的分析表明,采用了两种不同类型的原料,其中碳和长纤维成分的比例不同,用于生产这些镶嵌物。扫描电子显微镜观察,结合EDS定性分析和X射线粉末衍射实验,发现在所有不透明样品中均存在高铅基质中分散的SnO2晶体,白色样品中的颗粒浓度较高。还对马赛克镶嵌物进行了使用光纤反射光谱法(FORS)鉴定生色团的光谱分析,目的是获取数据以便与其他分析中收集的信息整合。该技术原位应用,无创,简单且便宜。将此处获得的数据与可用的历史来源进行比较(玻璃配方书I,以识别原材料和玻璃制造技术,以建立现有本地生产与分析的镶嵌玻璃之间的关系。

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