Light emitting diode(LED)-based trapping of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

摘要

Visual traps like yellow sticky card traps are used for monitoring and control of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). However, reflected intensity (brightness) and hence, attractiveness depend on the ambient light conditions, and the colour (wavelength) might not fit with the sensitivity of whitefly photoreceptors. The use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is a promising approach to increase the attractiveness, specificity and adaptability of visual traps. We constructed LED-based visual traps equipped with blue and green high-power LEDs and ultraviolet (UV) standard LEDs according to the putative spectral sensitivities of the insects' photoreceptors. In a series of small-scale choice and no-choice recapture experiments, the factors time of day as well as light intensity and light quality (colour) of LED traps were studied in terms of attractiveness compared to yellow traps without LEDs. Green LED traps (517nm peak wavelength) were comparably attractive in no-choice experiments but clearly preferred over yellow traps in all choice experiments. The time of day had a clear effect on the flight activity of the whiteflies and thereby on the trapping success. Blue LEDs (474nm) suppressed the attractiveness of the light traps when combined with green LEDs suggesting that a yet undetected photoreceptor, sensitive for blue light, and an inhibiting interaction with the green receptor, might exist in T.vaporariorum. In choice experiments between LED traps emitting green light only or in combination with UV (368nm), the green-UV combination was preferred. In no-choice night-time experiments, UV LEDs considerably increased whitefly flight activity and efficacy of trapping. Most likely, the reason for the modifying effect of UV is the stimulating influence on flight activity. In conclusion, it seems that the use of green LEDs alone or in combination with UV LEDs could be an innovative option for improving attractiveness of visual traps.