The production of tilapia, like other fed species, has been constrained by the cost of feeds, which can account for about 70 percent of the production costs of tilapia in several countries and regions (Bolivar et al. 2006, Elnady et al. 2010). There have been many attempts to replace expensive animal protein in tilapia feeds with plant protein sources, such as soybean meal, groundnut seed cake and others. Although animal proteinreplacement in tilapiafeeds has been successful, feed continues to represent a major cost item in tilapia production.
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