Evidence-based orthopaedics or 'superstition in the pigeon'.

摘要

Vision is important for feeding in most marine finfish larvae (Hunter 1980; Blaxter 1986). However, the eyes of marine finfish larvae at first feeding do not have illumination adaptation capability (Blaxter and Staines 1970; Neave 1984) and the development of the eye and visual acuity of white seabass, A. nobilis, is specifically known to be poor at first feeding (Margulies 1989). It is important to optimize environmental conditions in larviculture to facilitate feeding behavior (Tamazouzt et al. 2000). Maximization of feeding behavior should result in improved growth and survival (Downing and Litvak 1999b). Visually, this means maximizing contrast between food items and the environment making illumination in the larval rearing environment of primary importance. Illumination within a larval rearing tank can be affected by light source and intensity as well as tank color (Naas et al. 1996). Both tank color and light intensity have been shown to be major factors in improving the ability of larvae to detect food and feeding (Corraza and Nickum 1981; Hinshaw 1985; Ounais-Guschemann 1989; Malison and Held 1992; Downing and Litvak 2001; Pena et al. 2004, 2005; Carton 2005) and have been shown to affect growth and/or survival of numerous species (Batty 1987; Dey and Damkaer 1990; Chatain and Ounais-Guschemann 1991; Gulbrandsen 1991; Britz and Pienaar 1992; Downing and Litvak 1999a, 1999b; Tamazouzt et al. 2000; Firat et al. 2003; Henne and Watanabe 2003; Copeland and Watanabe 2006; Jentoft and Oxnevad 2006; Monk et al. 2006). Lighting conditions have also been shown to affect other important developmental stages such as swim bladder inflation (Martin-Robichaud and Peterson 1998; Trotter et al. 2003).