We describe a system of axioms that, on one hand, is sufficient for constructing the standard mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics and, on the other hand, is necessary from the phenomenological standpoint. In the proposed scheme, the Hilbert space and linear operators are only secondary structures of the theory, while the primary structures are the elements of a noncommutative algebra (observables) and the functionals on this algebra, associated with the results of a single observation.
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