Modern outcomes research stems from Ernest Codman's End Result Idea, and is the end result of health services that incorporates patients' preferences and opinions to provide relevant scientific evidence to the patient. Health services research is a multidisciplinary endeavor that includes epidemiology, biostatistics, economics, and clinical medicine. Surgeon scientists are an integral part of this field because they have knowledge of clinical decision making that improves the clinical relevance of research questions and facilitates the interpretation of results into clinical practice, in essence, bridging the gap between clinicians and scientists.
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