Agriculture and the dual transition in Zambia

摘要

The paper looks at the dual transition in Zambia by examining the democratic character of the state since 1991 and the variety of ways in which agricultural associations interact with the state. The premise is that the consolidation of dual transitions depends upon the state and associational interactions with it. In addition to associations of civil society the paper also considers political society and international actors such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It is concluded that the outlook for the consolidation of the dual transition in Zambia is pessimistic since the state has proven to be increasingly intolerant of opposition, and associational life is often ambiguous with regard to one or the other transition.