The meaning of practices: farmers' conceptions in agricultural development strategies.

摘要

Agricultural development programmes often produce unexpected results. This can be attributed to the fact that the target farmers already have their own knowledge and competencies that determine their practices. In order to be adopted, an innovation has first to be discussed, and then appropriated by a local group of farmers in their system of knowledge and in their system of meaning; subsequently the innovation may be rejected or adopted by all the farmers concerned or by a sub-group of farmers with a given social position. This paper suggests that knowledge of these local systems of farmers' knowledge is useful for agricultural research and development programmes. It enables not only the identification of the differences between researchers', development agents' and farmers' conceptions of technical processes, but also an understanding of the social meaning of the adoption of innovation. The importance attributed to farmers' forms of knowledge in different research and development approaches is analysed, and a brief description is given of principles and methods that can be used to reveal different conceptions of technical processes by groups of farmers. Three examples are cited of the utilization of such knowledge in French agricultural research or development programmes. The examples are programmes on (i) grazing management in the Jura Mountains, (ii) runoff and erosion control in the Pays de Caux, and (iii) sustainable cropping systems. Finally, the benefits to be gained by agricultural scientists through an understanding of farmers' conceptions are discussed.