Biosensors based on deoxyribonucleic nucleic acid (DNA) are well recognized among the family of chemical sensors. With respect to the specific role of DNA in organisms, there are some remarkable specific features of DNA-based biosensors that are applied mainly to the investigation of DNA itself. These biosensors are used to determine the concentration, structure, and chemical reactivity of DNA in relation to drugs and chemicals, including pro- and antioxidants, and for the detection of specific genes or mutant genes associated with human genetic diseases and infectious agents. With electrochemical signal transducers, the main advantages of biosensors are their low cost, fast response, simple 'design, small dimensions, and low power requirements at their high-detection potentialities.
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