RepSy by the Authors

摘要

The available imaging modalities to perform safer percutaneous renal access include fluoroscopy, ultrasonogra-phy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Visualization of the vascular structures of the kidney is of utmost importance to prevent bleeding. Therefore, color Doppler ultrasonography is accepted as the safest imaging modality. However, it is not always possible to use color Doppler ultrasonography in the operating room. Moreover, the necessity for experience to use color Doppler ultrasonography is another limiting factor.