Hydrophilic ligands and their application in aqueous-phase metal-catalyzed reactions

摘要

Hydrophilic ligands and their application in aqueous-phase metal-catalyzed reactions are studied. The Rh?ne-Poulenc aqueous-phase hydroformylation process, aqueous-phase catalysis has been applied to a wide range of catalytic processes. This work has demonstrated that nearly any catalytic reaction involving late transition metals can be adapted to the use of water as a solvent provided the reagents themselves are water stable. The majority of hydrophilic ligands are based on the triarylphosphine core, but there have been increasing efforts to develop hydrophilic analogues of other useful ligand classes, such as sterically demanding alkylphosphines, nitrogen ligands, and N-heterocyclic carbenes. The major driver for the development of aqueous-phase catalyst systems has been to simplify the separation of the catalytic active species from the hydrophobic product stream, which is of significant importance for industrial application of homogeneous catalysts.