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水科学与水工程

水科学与水工程

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Water Science and Engineering
Water Science and Engineering于2008年创刊，以水科学研究与水工程建设为论述主题，主要刊登水科学研究、水工程建设、水资源保护、水生态修复等方面用英文撰写的原创性研究(技术)论文，着重报道关于地球水圈研究的新事实、新概念、新理论、新方法；反映在暴雨、洪水、干旱、水资源、水环境等领域中的最新科技成果和发展趋势；交流在江河治理、跨流域调水、水电能源、生态修复等水工程建设中的新技术和新经验以及国内外相关学术会议及技术交流等动态信息。WSE杂志的主要读者对象是与此有关的研究人员、工程师及高校师生。
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  • 发文量：555
  • 被引量：126
  • H指数：2
  • 开始收录时间：-
  • CNKI综合因子：-
  • 维普期刊影响因子： -
  • 万方期刊影响因子：0.32
  • 创刊时间：-
  • 国内刊号/CN：32-1785/TV
    国际刊号/ISSN：1674-2370
  • 发行周期：季刊
    邮发代号：-
  • 主管单位：中华人民共和国教育部
    主办单位：河海大学
水科学与水工程-联系信息
  • 主编：吴中如， Vijay P. SINGH
  • 电话：025-83786363
  • 邮箱：wse@hhu.edu.cn
  • 地址：江苏南京西康路1号河海大学
  • 邮编：210098
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水科学与水工程 >2021年第2期

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  • 摘要：Solid or liquid waste containing a high concentration of nicotine can pollute sediment in rivers and lakes, and may destroy the ecological balance if it is directly discharged into the environment without any treatment. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) method was used to analyze the variation of the microbial community structure in the control and nicotinecontaminated sediment samples with nicotine concentration and time of exposure. The results demonstrated that the growth of some bacterial species in the nicotine-contaminated sediment samples was inhibited during the exposure. Some bacteria decreased in species diversity and in quantity with the increase of nicotine concentration or time of exposure, while other bacteria were enriched under the effect of nicotine, and their DGGE bands changed from undertones to deep colors. The microbial community structure, however, showed a wide variation in the nicotinecontaminated sediment samples, especially in the sediment samples treated with high-concentration nicotine. The Jaccard index was only 35.1%between the initial sediment sample and the sediment sample with a nicotine concentration of 0.030 mg/g after 28 d of exposure. Diversity indices showed that the contaminated groups had a similar trend over time. The diversity indices of contaminated groups all decreased in the first7 d after exposure, then increased until day 42. It has been found that nicotine decreased the diversity of the microbial community in the sediment.
  • 摘要：As a country with one of the world’s most rapidly developing economies,China is home to wonderful opportunities for its people and the nation as a whole.An essential element for continued economic prosperity is a water supply of guaranteed quality and quantity,providing critical insurance for food safety,health,and political stability.However,China’s economic success has come with serious water resources problems,intensified by human activities and climate change.The nation is now facing extreme levels of water pollution,soil erosion,and sedimentation,along with floods,droughts,and urban storms.Taken together,these impacts have provided a serious headwind to socioeconomic development in China.This article discusses the problems and emerging opportunities for the coming generation of water scientists and engineers.
  • 摘要：The insufficiency of distributed in situ hydrological measurements is a major challenge for hydrological studies in many regions of the world.Satellite missions such as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission(TRMM) can be used to improve our understanding of water resources beyond surface water in poorly gauged basins.In this study we combined GRACE and TRMM to investigate monthly estimates of evaporation plus runoff(sink terms) using the water balance equation for the period from January 2005 to December 2010 within the Volta Basin.These estimates have been validated by comparison with time series of sink terms(evaporation plus surface and subsurface runoff) from the Global Land Data Assimilation System(GLDAS).The results,for the period under consideration,show strong agreement between both time series,with a root mean square error(RMSE) of 20.2 mm/month(0.67 mm/d) and a correlation coefficient of 0.85.This illustrates the ability of GRACE to predict hydrological quantities,e.g.evaporation,in the Volta Basin.The water storage change data from GRACE and precipitation data from TRMM all show qualitative agreement,with evidence of basin saturation at approximately 73 mm in the equivalent water column at the annual and semi-annual time scales.
  • 摘要：In order to analyze the impact of the water surface area of a watershed on the design flood,the watershed was classified into a land watershed and a water surface watershed for flood flow calculation at the same time interval.Then,the design flood of the whole watershed was obtained by adding the two flood flows together.Using this method,we calculated design floods with different water surface areas of three reservoirs and analyzed the impact of water surface area on the flood volume and peak flow.The results indicate that larger water surface areas lead to greater impacts on the flood volume and peak flow.For the same watershed area,the impact of water surface area on the flood volume and peak flow is positively proportional to the flood frequency,i.e.,the higher the frequency,the greater the impact becomes.
  • 摘要：An experiment was carried out to investigate the anti-ammonium shock load capacity of a biological aerated filter(BAF) composed of a double-layer bed.This bed was made up of a top layer of ceramic and a bottom layer of zeolite.The experiment shows that the anti-ammonium shock load process can be divided into two processes: adsorption and release.In the adsorption process,the total removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen by zeolite and ceramic was 94%.In the release process,the ammonia nitrogen concentration increased significantly and then gradually returned to the normal level four hours after the shock load.The results indicated that the double-layer BAF had a high level of adaptability to the short-term ammonium shock load and long-term operation.The main factors influencing the dynamic process of ammonia nitrogen adsorption were the filter bed height,ammonia nitrogen concentration of influent,and flow rate.The bed depth service time(BDST) model was used to predict the relationship between the filter bed height and breakthrough time at different flow rates,and the results are reliable.
  • 摘要：This paper deals with a stochastic representation of the rainfall process.The analysis of a rainfall time series shows that cumulative representation of a rainfall time series can be modeled as a non-Gaussian random walk with a log-normal jump distribution and a time-waiting distribution following a tempered α-stable probability law.Based on the random walk model,a fractional Fokker-Planck equation(FFPE) with tempered α-stable waiting times was obtained.Through the comparison of observed data and simulated results from the random walk model and FFPE model with tempered α-stable waiting times,it can be concluded that the behavior of the rainfall process is globally reproduced,and the FFPE model with tempered α-stable waiting times is more efficient in reproducing the observed behavior.
  • 摘要：River ice is a natural phenomenon in cold regions,influenced by meteorology,geomorphology,and hydraulic conditions.River ice processes involve complex interactions between hydrodynamic,mechanical,and thermal processes,and they are also influenced by weather and hydrologic conditions.Because natural rivers are serpentine,with bends,narrows,and straight reaches,the commonly-used one-dimensional river ice models and two-dimensional models based on the rectangular Cartesian coordinates are incapable of simulating the physical phenomena accurately.In order to accurately simulate the complicated river geometry and overcome the difficulties of numerical simulation resulting from both complex boundaries and differences between length and width scales,a two-dimensional river ice numerical model based on a boundary-fitted coordinate transformation method was developed.The presented model considers the influence of the frazil ice accumulation under ice cover and the shape of the leading edge of ice cover during the freezing process.The model is capable of determining the velocity field,the distribution of water temperature,the concentration distribution of frazil ice,the transport of floating ice,the progression,stability,and thawing of ice cover,and the transport,accumulation,and erosion of ice under ice cover.A MacCormack scheme was used to solve the equations numerically.The model was validated with field observations from the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River.Comparison of simulation results with field data indicates that the model is capable of simulating the river ice process with high accuracy.
  • 摘要：In this study,several kinds of flexible protective materials sprayed with polyurea elastomers(hereinafter referred to as polyurea elastomer protective material) were adopted to meet the abrasion resistance requirement of hydraulic structures,and their abrasion resistances against the water flow with suspended load or bed load were studied systematically through tests.Natural basalt stones were adopted as the abrasive for simulation of the abrasion effect of the water flow with bed load,and test results indicate that the basalt stone is suitable for use in the abrasion resistance test of the flexible protective material.The wear process of the polyurea elastomer protective material is stable,and the wear loss is linear with the time of abrasion.If the wear thickness is regarded as the abrasion resistance evaluation factor,the abrasion resistance of the 351 pure polyurea is about twice those of pure polyurea with a high level of hardness and aliphatic polyurea,and over five times that of high-performance abrasion-resistant concrete under the abrasion of the water flow with suspended load.It is also about 50 times that of high-performance abrasion-resistant concrete under the abrasion of the water flow with bed load.Overall,the abrasion resistance of pure polyurea presented a decreasing trend with increasing hardness.Pure polyurea with a Shore hardness of D30 has the best abrasion resistance,which is 60 to 70 times that of high-performance abrasion-resistant concrete under the abrasion of the water flow with bed load,and has been recommended,among the five kinds of pure polyurea materials with different hardness,in anti-abrasion protection of hydraulic structures.
  • 摘要：Three stochastic mathematical models for calculation of the reservoir flood regulation process,river course flood release,and flood risk rate under flood control were established based on the theory of stochastic differential equations and features of flood control systems in the middle reach of the Huaihe River from Xixian to the Bengbu floodgate,comprehensively considering uncertain factors of hydrology,hydraulics,and engineering control.They were used to calculate the flood risk rate with flood regulation of five key reservoirs,including the Meishan,Xianghongdian,Nianyushan,Mozitan,and Foziling reservoirs in the middle reach of the Huaihe River under different flood frequencies,the flood risk rate with river course flood release under design and check floods for the trunk of the Huaihe River in conjunction with relevant flood storage areas,and the flood risk rate with operation of the Linhuaigang Project under design and check floods.The calculated results show that(1) the five reservoirs can withstand design floods,but the Xianghongdian and Foziling reservoirs will suffer overtopping accidents under check floods;(2) considering the service of flood storage areas under the design flood conditions of the Huaihe River,the mean flood risk rate with flood regulation of dykes and dams from Xixian to the Bengbu floodgate is about 0.2,and the trunk of the Huaihe River can generally withstand design floods; and(3) under a check flood with the flood return period of 1 000 years,the risk rate of overtopping accidents of the Linhuaigang Project is not larger than 0.15,indicating that it has a high flood regulation capacity.Through regulation and application of the flood control system of the Linhuigang Project,the Huaihe River Basin can withstand large floods,and the safety of the protected area can be ensured.
  • 摘要：Complex water movement and insufficient observation stations are the unfavorable factors in improving the accuracy of flow calculation of river networks.A water level updating model for river networks was set up based on a three-step method at key nodes,and model correction values were collected from gauge stations.To improve the accuracy of water level and discharge forecasts for the entire network,the discrete coefficients of the Saint-Venant equations for river sections were regarded as the media carrying the correction values from observation locations to other cross-sections of the river network system.To examine the applicability,the updating model was applied to flow calculation of an ideal river network and the Chengtong section of the Yangtze River.Comparison of the forecast results with the observed data demonstrates that this updating model can improve the forecast accuracy in both ideal and real river networks.
  • 摘要：Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir in 2003,algal blooms have frequently been observed in it.The chlorophyll a concentration is an important parameter for evaluating algal blooms.In this study,the chlorophyll a concentration in Xiangxi Bay,in the Three Gorges Reservoir,was predicted using HJ-1 satellite imagery.Several models were established based on a correlation analysis between in situ measurements of the chlorophyll a concentration and the values obtained from satellite images of the study area from January 2010 to December 2011.Chlorophyll a concentrations in Xiangxi Bay were predicted based on the established models.The results show that the maximum correlation is between the reflectance of the band combination of B4/(B2+B3) and in situ measurements of chlorophyll a concentration.The root mean square errors of the predicted values using the linear and quadratic models are 18.49 mg/m3 and 18.52 mg/m3,respectively,and the average relative errors are 37.79% and 36.79%,respectively.The results provide a reference for water bloom prediction in typical tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir and contribute to large-scale remote sensing monitoring and water quality management.
  • 摘要：Based on the fundamental principles of total amount control of water use,the harmony theory was used in this study to develop a concept of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use.Based on this concept,the harmoniousness of total amount control of water use was analyzed in terms of the supply and demand of water resources,water resources management,water use benefits,and water-saving level.An evaluation index system of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use was established,and a method for calculation of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use was developed based on the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and fuzzy comprehensive analysis(FCA) methods.The new evaluation index system was applied to a certain area in Jiangsu Province,China.The degree of harmony of total amount control of water use over this area was calculated for different years.Results indicate that the evaluation index system and calculation method proposed in this study are feasible,and such a harmoniousness analysis can provide scientific references for the strict water resources management system that will be implemented in China in the near future.
  • 摘要：The upper reach of the Yellow River from Daliushu to Shapotou consists of five bends and has complex topography. A two-dimensional Re-Normalisation Group(RNG) k-ε model was developed to simulate the flow in the reach. In order to take the circulation currents in the bends into account, the momentum equations were improved by adding an additional source term. Comparison of the numerical simulation with field measurements indicates that the improved two-dimensional depth-averaged RNG k-ε model can improve the accuracy of the numerical simulation. A rapid adaptive algorithm was constructed, which can automatically adjust Manning's roughness coefficient in different parts of the study river reach. As a result, not only can the trial computation time be significantly shortened, but the accuracy of the numerical simulation can also be greatly improved. Comparison of the simulated and measured water surface slopes for four typical cases shows that the longitudinal and transverse slopes of the water surface increase with the average velocity upstream. In addition, comparison was made between the positions of the talweg and the main streamline, which coincide for most of the study river reach. However, deviations between the positions of the talweg and the main streamline were found at the junction of two bends, at the position where the river width suddenly decreases or increases.
  • 摘要：Flood control detention basins(DBs) can act as water quality control structures or best management practices(BMPs). A key pollutant that DBs serve to settle out is particulate phosphorus, which adsorbs onto sediment. This study examines the sediment phosphorus concentration and its relationship with the particle size of sediment microcosms from pre- and post-rain event samples obtained from six DBs located in Clark County, Nevada. DBs were allotted a land use classification to determine if there was a correlation between the sediment phosphorus concentration and surrounding land use. The curve number method was used to calculate the runoff and subsequent phosphorus carried into the DB by the runoff. Our data show sediment phosphorus concentrations to be highest in soils from undeveloped areas. Runoff amount also plays a substantial role in determining the amount of phosphorus brought into the DB by sediment. This research has implications for improvement of water quality in arid regions.
  • 摘要：The paper presents an investigation of injection effects on the bedload transport rate. According to dimensional analysis, two dimensionless groups, an Einstein's parameter group and a modified densimetric Froude number group, were chosen to examine how injection affects the bedload transport rate. Experimental studies were conducted in an open-channel flume with an upward seepage zone. The sediment particles used for the test were 0.9 mm in diameter. The experimental results show that an increase in the injection velocity causes a reduction in the shear velocity excess, which is defined as the difference between the shear and critical shear velocities, leading to a reduction in the bedload transport rate. The equation for predicting the bedload transport rate in the presence of upward seepage was derived empirically. The proposed prediction method is suitable for engineering practice, since it only requires the undisturbed flow condition, properties of sediment particles, and the injection velocity.
  • 摘要：The weights of the drought risk index(DRI), which linearly combines the reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability, are difficult to obtain due to complexities in water security during drought periods. Therefore, drought entropy was used to determine the weights of the three critical indices. Conventional simulation results regarding the risk load of water security during drought periods were often regarded as precise. However, neither the simulation process nor the DRI gives any consideration to uncertainties in drought events. Therefore, the Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory and the evidential reasoning algorithm were introduced, and the DRI values were calculated with consideration of uncertainties of the three indices. The drought entropy and evidential reasoning algorithm were used in a case study of the Haihe River Basin to assess water security risks during drought periods. The results of the new DRI values in two scenarios were compared and analyzed. It is shown that the values of the DRI in the D-S evidence algorithm increase slightly from the original results of Zhang et al.(2005), and the results of risk assessment of water security during drought periods are reasonable according to the situation in the study area. This study can serve as a reference for further practical application and planning in the Haihe River Basin, and other relevant or similar studies.
  • 摘要：Increasing frequency and severity of flooding have caused tremendous damage in China, requiring more essential countermeasures to alleviate the damage. In this study, the dynamic simulation property of a cellular automaton was used to make further progress in flood routing. In consideration of terrain's influence on flood routing, we regarded the terrain elevation as an auxiliary attribute of a two-dimensional cellular automaton in path selection for flood routing and developed a mathematical model based on a cellular automaton. A numerical case of propagation of an outburst flood in an area of the lower Yangtze River was analyzed with both the fixed-step and variable-step models. The results show that the flood does not spread simultaneously in all directions, but flows into the lower place first, and that the submerged area grows quickly at the beginning, but slowly later on. The final submerged areas obtained from the two different models are consistent, and the flood volume balance test shows that the flood volume meets the requirement of the total volume balance. The analysis of the case shows that the proposed model can be a valuable tool for flood routing.
  • 摘要：Urbanization causes hydrological change and increases stormwater runoff volumes, leading to flooding, erosion, and the degradation of instream ecosystem health. Best management practices(BMPs), like detention ponds and infiltration trenches, have been widely used to control flood runoff events for the past decade. However, low impact development(LID) options have been proposed as an alternative approach to better mimic the natural flow regime by using decentralized designs to control stormwater runoff at the source, rather than at a centralized location in the watershed. For highly urbanized areas, LID stormwater management practices such as bioretention cells and porous pavements can be used to retrofit existing infrastructure and reduce runoff volumes and peak flows. This paper describes a modeling approach to incorporate these LID practices and the two BMPs of detention ponds and infiltration trenches in an existing hydrological model to estimate the impacts of BMPs and LID practices on the surface runoff. The modeling approach has been used in a parking lot located in Lenexa, Kansas, USA, to predict hydrological performance of BMPs and LID practices. A performance indicator system including the flow duration curve, peak flow frequency exceedance curve, and runoff coefficient have been developed in an attempt to represent impacts of BMPs and LID practices on the entire spectrum of the runoff regime. Results demonstrate that use of these BMPs and LID practices leads to significant stormwater control for small rainfall events and less control for flood events.
  • 摘要：The prediction of incipient motion has had great importance to the theory of sediment transport. The most commonly used methods are based on the concept of critical shear stress and employ an approach similar, or identical, to the Shields diagram. An alternative method that uses the movability number, defined as the ratio of the shear velocity to the particle's settling velocity, was employed in this study. A large amount of experimental data were used to develop an empirical incipient motion criterion based on the movability number. It is shown that this approach can provide a simple and accurate method of computing the threshold condition for sediment motion.
  • 摘要：A method of obtaining the large strain consolidation parameters of dredged clays considering the influence of the initial water content is investigated in this study. According to the test results of remolded clays with high initial water contents reported by Hong et al.(2010), a relationship between the void ratio(e) and effective stress(σ') is established. Furthermore, based on the available permeability data from the literature, a new relationship between the permeability coefficient(k) and the ratio(e/eL) of the void ratio to the void ratio at the liquid limit(eL) is proposed. The new proposed expression considering the initial water content improves the e-k equation established by Nagaraj et al.(1994). Finally, the influence of the initial void ratio and effective stress on the large strain consolidation coefficient g(e) defined by Gibson et al.(1981) and k/(1+e) in large strain analysis is discussed. The results show that, under a constant effective stress, the value of k/(1+e) increases with the initial void ratio. The large strain consolidation coefficient shows the law of segmentation change, which decreases with the increase of the effective stress when the effective stress is less than the remolded yield stress, but increases rapidly with the effective stress when the effective stress is larger than the remolded yield stress.
  • 摘要：Pressure fluctuations, which are inevitable in the operation of pumps, have a strong non-stationary characteristic and contain a great deal of important information representing the operation conditions. With an axial-flow pump as an example, a new method for time-frequency analysis based on the ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) method is proposed for research on the characteristics of pressure fluctuations. First, the pressure fluctuation signals are preprocessed with the empirical mode decomposition(EMD) method, and intrinsic mode functions(IMFs) are extracted. Second, the EEMD method is used to extract more precise decomposition results, and the number of iterations is determined according to the number of IMFs produced by the EMD method. Third, correlation coefficients between IMFs produced by the EMD and EEMD methods and the original signal are calculated, and the most sensitive IMFs are chosen to analyze the frequency spectrum. Finally, the operation conditions of the pump are identified with the frequency features. The results show that, compared with the EMD method, the EEMD method can improve the time-frequency resolution and extract main vibration components from pressure fluctuation signals.
  • 摘要：With rural population expansion and improvement of the socio-economic standard of living, treatment of rural domestic wastewater has rapidly become a major aspect of environmental concern. Selection of a suitable method for treatment of rural domestic wastewater depends on its efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigated the effects of hydraulic retention time(HRT), temperature, and effluent recycling on the treatment efficiency of an anaerobic filter(AF) reactor. The first round of experimental operations was run for three months with HRTs of one, two, and three days, temperatures of 18℃, 21℃, and 24℃, and no effluent recycling. The second round of experimental operations was conducted for another three months with HRTs of three and four days; temperatures of 30.67℃, 30.57℃, and 26.91℃; and three effluent recycling ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The first round of operations showed removal rates of 32% to 44% for COD, 30% to 35% for TN, 32% to 36% for +4NH-N, 19% to 23% for 3NO-N-, and 12% to 22% for TP. In the second round of operations, the removal rates varied from 75% to 81% for COD, 35% to 41% for TN, 31% to 39% for +4NH-N, 30% to 34% for 3NO-N-, and 41% to 48% for TP. The average gas production rates were 6.72 L/d and 7.26 L/d for the first and second rounds of operations, respectively. The gas production rate increased in the second round of operations as a result of applied effluent recycling. The best removal efficiency was obtained for an optimum HRT of three days, a temperature of 30℃, and an effluent recycling ratio of 2:1. The results show that the removal efficiency of the AF reactor was affected by HRT, temperature, and effluent recycling.
  • 摘要：The strength of structural loess consists of the shear strength and tensile strength. In this study, the stress path, the failure envelope of principal stress ( Kf line), and the strength failure envelope of structurally intact loess and remolded loess were analyzed through three kinds of tests:the tensile strength test, the uniaxial compressive strength test, and the conventional triaxial shear strength test. Then, in order to describe the tensile strength and shear strength of structural loess comprehensively and reasonably, a joint strength formula for structural loess was established. This formula comprehensively considers tensile and shear properties. Studies have shown that the tensile strength exhibits a decreasing trend with increasing water content. When the water content is constant, the tensile strength of the structurally intact soil is greater than that of remolded soil. In the studies, no loss of the originally cured cohesion in the structurally intact soil samples was observed, given that the soil samples did not experience loading disturbance during the uniaxial compressive strength test, meaning there is a high initial structural strength. The results of the conventional triaxial shear strength test show that the water content is correlated with the strength of the structural loess. When the water content is low, the structural properties are strong, and when the water content is high, the structural properties are weak, which means that the water content and the ambient pressure have significant effects on the stress-strain relationship of structural loess. The established joint strength formula of structural loess effectively avoids overestimating the role of soil tensile strength in the traditional theory of Mohr-Coulomb strength.
  • 摘要：In this study, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was used to simulate the solute transport in a single rough fracture. The self-affine rough fracture wall was generated with the successive random addition method. The ability of the developed LBM to simulate the solute transport was validated by Taylor dispersion. The effect of fluid velocity on the solute transport in a single rough fracture was investigated using the LBM. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) for continuous injection sources in rough fractures were analyzed and discussed with different Reynolds numbers (Re). The results show that the rough fracture wall leads to a large fluid velocity gradient across the aperture. Consequently, there is a broad distribution of the immobile region along the rough fracture wall. This distribution of the immobile region is very sensitive to the Re and fracture geometry, and the immobile region is enlarged with the increase of Re and roughness. The concentration of the solute front in the mobile region increases with the Re. Furthermore, the Re and roughness have significant effects on BTCs, and the slow solute molecule exchange between the mobile and immobile regions results in a long breakthrough tail for the rough fracture. This study also demonstrates that the developed LBM can be effective in studying the solute transport in a rough fracture.
  • 摘要：To better understand the complex process of wave transformation and associated hydrodynamics over various fringing reef profiles, numerical experiments were conducted with a one-dimensional (1D) Boussinesq wave model. The model is based on higher-order Boussinesq equations and a higher-accuracy finite difference method. The dominant energy dissipation in the surf zone, wave breaking, and bottom friction were considered by use of the eddy viscosity concept and quadratic bottom friction law, respectively. Numerical simulation was conducted for a wide range of wave conditions and reef profiles. Good overall agreement between the computed results and the measurements shows that this model is capable of describing wave processes in the fringing reef environment. Numerical experiments were also conducted to track the source of underestimation of setup for highly nonlinear waves. Linear properties (including dispersion and shoaling) are found to contribute little to the underestimation;the low accuracy in nonlinearity and the ad hoc method for treating wave breaking may be the reason for the problem.
  • 摘要：In this study, the performance of the extended shallow water model (ESWM) in evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir was investigated. The continuity equations for fluid and particles and the Navier-Stokes equations govern the entire flow of turbidity currents. The shallow water equations governing the flow of the depositing phase of turbidity currents are derived from these equations. A case study was conducted on the flow regime of turbidity currents entering the Dez Reservoir in Iran from January 2002 to July 2003. Facing a serious sedimentation problem, the dead storage of the Dez Reservoir will be full in the coming 10 years, and the inflowing water in the hydropower conduit system is now becoming turbid. Based on the values of the dimensionless friction number ( Nf =1 ) and dimensionless entrainment number ( NE=1 ) of turbidity currents, and the coefficient of determination between the observed and predicted deposit depths (R2=0.86) for the flow regime of negligible friction and negligible entrainment (NFNE), the flow regime of turbidity currents coming into the Dez Reservoir is considered to be NFNE. The results suggest that the ESWM is an appropriate approach for evaluation of the flow regime of turbidity currents in dam reservoirs where the characteristics of turbidity currents, such as the deposit depth, must be evaluated.
  • 摘要：Based on a general review of marine renewable energy in China, an assessment of the development status and amount of various marine renewable energy resources, including tidal energy, tidal current energy, wave energy, ocean thermal energy, and salinity gradient energy in China’s coastal seas, such as the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea, and the South China Sea, is presented. We have found that these kinds of marine renewable energy resources will play an important role in meeting China’s future energy needs. Additionally, considering the uneven distribution of China’s marine renewable energy and the influences of its exploitation on the environment, we have suggested several sites with great potential for each kind of marine energy. Furthermore, perspectives on and challenges related with marine renewable energy in China are addressed.

    水科学与水工程的期刊信息

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    • 语言：中文
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    水科学与水工程的获奖情况

    水科学与水工程的收录情况

    • 中国科技论文与引文数据库 (2019)
    • 中国科技论文与引文数据库 (2018)
    • 中国科技论文与引文数据库 (2017)
    • 中国科技论文与引文数据库 (2016)
    • 美国《工程索引》 (2019)
    • 美国《工程索引》 (2018)
    • 美国《工程索引》 (2017)
    • 美国《工程索引》 (2014)
    • 美国《工程索引》 (2013)

    水科学与水工程的投稿信息

    • 通讯地址：江苏南京西康路1号河海大学
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