摘要:To gain high efficiency for the simulation of the aerodynamic characteristics of the rotor in hover,body -fitted momentum source(BFMS)method is proposed. In this method,the actual blade geometry is represented by the single layer of volume grid surrounding the blade. Aiming at correctly simulating the aerodynamic characteristics of the discrete cells along the chordwise of blade airfoil section,a new distributed force model is proposed. For comparison,the RANS method with S-A turbulence model and the steady rotor momentum source(SRMS)method based on embedded grid systems are established,respectively. And the grid connecting methodology is improved to embed the blade into the background grids for the three methods. Then,simulations are performed for the hovering Caradonna - Tung rotor by these methods,and the calculated results are compared with the available experimental data. Moreover,the pressure distributions along the blade are compared with the conventional momentum source methods. It is demonstrated that the BFMS method can be employed as an effective approach to predict rotor aerodynamic characteristics with a low computational resource and reasonable accuracy.
摘要:With targets of cost reduction per bit and high energy efficiency,5G and beyond call for innovation in the mmWave transmitter architecture and the power amplifier(PA)circuit. To illustrate these points,this paper firstly explains the benefits and design implications of the hybrid beamforming structure in terms of the mmWave spectrum characteristics,energy efficiency,data rate,communication capacity,coverage and implementation technology choices. Then after reviewing the techniques to improve the power amplifier(PA)output power and efficiency,the design considerations and test results of 60 GHz and 90 GHz mmWave PAs in bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)process are shown.
摘要:Perturbation to Noether symmetry and adiabatic invariants for Birkhoffian system,Hamiltonian system and Lagrangian system with delta derivative are investigated,respectively. Firstly,the definition and some related properties of time scale calculus are listed simply as preliminaries. Secondly,the Birkhoffian system with delta derivative is studied. Based on the differential equation of motion as well as Noether symmetry and conserved quantity,perturbation to Noether symmetry and adiabatic invariant are investigated. Thirdly,adiabatic invariants for the Hamiltonian system and the Lagrangian system are presented through some transformations. And finally,an example is given to illustrate the methods and results.
摘要:Retro-reflective beamforming technique has the potential of enabling efficient wireless power transmission over long distance(on the order of meters and even kilometers). In retro-reflective beamforming,wireless power transmission is guided by pilot signal:Based upon pilot signal broadcasted by a wireless power receiver,a wireless power transmitter delivers focused microwave power beam(s)onto the location of wireless power receiver. When the wireless power receiver's location is not fixed or when the wireless power receiver's location is unknown to the wireless power transmitter,the microwave power beam would follow the wireless power receiver's location dynamically as long as the wireless power receiver broadcasts pilot signal periodically. This paper reviews our research endeavors in recent years on retro-reflective beamforming technique targeting three applications:(1) wireless charging for low-power mobile/portable electronic devices,(2)space solar power satellites(SSPS)application,and (3)wireless charging in fully-enclosed space. The feasibility and potential of retro-reflective beamforming technique with applications in wireless power transmission are demonstrated by some preliminary experimental results.
摘要:A method for evaluating the benign and malignant breast tumors based on radio-frequency(RF)data was explored by extracting the characteristic parameters of breast ultrasound RF signals. The breast biopsy data were used as the reference data for judging the lump benign or malignant. The extracted ultrasound RF data were reconstructed and segmented by computer aided method to obtain the breast tumor region of interest(ROI)and its characteristic parameters(entropy and standard deviation). The characteristic parameters were statistically analyzed to evaluate the relationship between characteristic parameters and benign or malignant breast tumors. The results indicate the entropy and standard deviation of normal region is much higher than that of lump region,which shows that the standard deviation and entropy characteristic parameters of ultrasonic RF signals are meaningful in the diagnosis of breast tumors. The proposed method provides a new direction for computer-aided diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors.
摘要:The pull test is a damaging detection method that fails to measure the actual length of a bolt. Thus,the ultrasonic echo is an important non-destructive testing method for bolt quality detection. In this research,the variational modal decomposition(VMD)method is introduced into the bolt detection signal analysis. On the basis of morphological filtering (MF) and the VMD method,a VMD-combined MF principle is established into a bolt detection signal analysis method(MF-VMD). MF-VMD is used to analyze the vibration and actual bolt detection signals of the simulation. Results show that MF-VMD effectively separates intrinsic mode function,even under strong interference. In comparison with conventional VMD method,the proposed method can remove noise interference. An intrinsic mode function of the field detection signal can be effectively identified by reflecting the signal at the bottom of the bolt.
摘要:The morphologies and hydration properties of MgO expansive material at different curing temperatures were investigated. When the curing temperature varies from 25 ℃ to 50 ℃,the conductivity of MgO rises from 40 to 80 μs/cm,the hydration product of MgO expansive material curing in water for 28 days is from 1.5—2 mm to 2—2.5 μm in length through SEM observation,and the expansion of pastes with 5% of the magnesium oxide is from 0.36% up to 1.01%,it is increased by 2.78 times. When the content of cement paste increases to 95% and cured in water for 90 days,the brucite forms as hexaflaggy-shaped crystal,which is less than 0.1 μm and tends to aggregates. The effect of curing temperature on the hydration of MgO expansive material is obvious.
摘要:In this paper,the performance analysis of cooperative space shift keying(SSK)system with dual - hop amplify and forward(AF)in receive-correlated Rayleigh channel is presented. By means of the performance analysis, a closed-form approximate expression of the average bit error rate(BER)is derived for the performance evaluation. With this expression,in a high signal-to-noise-ratio(SNR)region,a tight closed-form asymptotic BER of the system is also derived. It can simplify the calculation of average BER and provide effective evaluation for asymptotic performance. By minimizing this asymptotic BER expression,a suboptimum power allocation (PA) scheme is developed,and the closed - form PA coefficients are obtained. Simulation indicates that the suboptimal PA scheme outperforms the conventional equal PA scheme,and its performance is very close to that of the exhaustive search based optimal PA scheme but with low complexity. Moreover,the system performance under the spatially correlated channel is worse than that in spatially independent channel due to the effect of spatial correlation.
摘要:A 60 GHz phased array system for mm - wave frequency in 5G is introduced and a 5 bit digitally controlled phase shifter in 40 nm CMOS technology is presented. In a phased array system,the signal to noise ratio (SNR)of the receiver is improved with the beaming forming function. Therefore,the communication data rate and distance are improved accordingly. The phase shifter is the key component for achieving the beam forming function, and its resolution and power consumption are also very critical. In the second half of this paper,an analysis of phase shifter is introduced,and a 60 GHz 5 bit digitally controlled phase shifter in 40 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)technology is presented. In this presented phase shifter,a hybrid structure is implemented for its advantage on lower phase deviation while keeping comparable loss. Meanwhile,this digitally controlled phase shifter is much more compact than other works. For all 32 states,the minimum phase error is 1.5°,and the maximum phase error is 6.8°. The measured insertion loss is -20.9±1 dB including pad loss at 60 GHz and the return loss is more than 10 dB over 57—64 GHz. The total chip size is 0.24 mm2 with 0 mW DC power consumption.
摘要:An adaptive prescribed performance control scheme is proposed for the drag free satellite in the presence of actuator saturation and external disturbances. The relative translation and rotation dynamics between the test mass and outer satellite are firstly derived. To guarantee prescribed performance bounds on the transient and steady control errors of relative states,a performance constrained control law is formulated with an error transformed function. In addition,the requirements to know the system parameters and the upper bound of the external disturbance in advance have been eliminated by adaptive updating technique. A command filter is concurrently used to overcome the problem of explosion of complexity inherent in the backstepping control design. Subsequently,a novel auxiliary system is constructed to compensate the adverse effects of the actuator saturation constrains. It is proved that all signals in the closed-loop system are ultimately bounded and prescribed performance of relative position and attitude control errors are guaranteed. Finally,numerical simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
摘要:Conventional pneumatic tires exhibit disadvantages such as puncture,blowout at high speed,pressure maintenance,etc. Owing to these structural inevitable weaknesses,non-pneumatic tires have been developed and are investigated. A non - pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel(NPMEW)is introduced and investigated as a function of static radical stiffness characteristics and contact behavior. A bench test method is utilized to improve the riding comfort and the traction traffic ability of NPMEW based on tire characteristics test rig,and the static radical stiffness characteristics and the contact behavior of NPMEW are compared with that of an insert supporting run - flat tire (ISRFT). The vertical force-deformation curves and deformed shapes and contact areas of the NPMEW and ISRFT are obtained using a set of vertical loads. The contact behavior is evaluated using extracted geometrical and mechanical feature parameters of the two tires. The results indicate that the NPMEW appears to exhibit considerably high radical stiffness,and the numerical value is dependent on the mechanical characteristic of the flexible tire body and hinge units. NPMEW demonstrates more uniform contact pressure than ISRFT within a certain loading range,and it can efficiently mitigate the problem of stress concentration in ISRFT shoulder under heavy load and enhance the wear resistance and ground grip performances.
摘要:A sufficient sample size of monitoring data becomes a key factor for describing aircraft engines state. Generative adversarial nets(GAN)can be used to expand the sample size based on the existing state monitoring information. In the paper,a GAN model is introduced to design an algorithm for generating the monitoring data of aircraft engines. This feasibility of the method is illustrated by an example. The experimental results demonstrate that the probability density distribution of generated data after a large number of network training iterations is consistent with the probability density distribution of monitoring data. The proposed method also effectively demonstrates the generated monitoring data of aircraft engine are in a reasonable range. The method can effectively solve the problem of inaccurate performance degradation evaluation caused by the small amount of aero-engine condition monitoring data.
摘要:The main purpose of the paper is to obtain the experimental yield loci of TRIP590 advanced high strength steel,and to compare it with the theoretical loci in order to obtain the best yield criterion for this material. First,the biaxial loading tests under different loading paths in the method of load control are carried out. Then,the experimental yield loci of different deformation stages are obtained. Finally,the experimental yield loci are compared with the theoretical loci of Mises criterion and Hill48 criterion,the parameters of which are calculated based on the r-value and the yield stress method,respectively. The results show that the accuracy of the theoretical yield loci of Hill48 based on the yield stress is higher than that of Mises criterion and Hill 48 criterion based on r-value method.
摘要:In order to investigate the elastic properties of directionally solidified(DS)superalloys,an elasticity model called boundaries elastic model(GBE model),considering grain boundaries and tensile orientations,is proposed in this paper. Two assumptions are adopted in the GBE model:(1)The displacement of grains,which moves along the perpendicular direction,is restricted by the grain boundaries;(2) Grain boundaries influence region (GBIR) is formed around the grain boundaries. Based on the single crystal(SC)calculation method of elastic properties,the GBE model can well predict macroscopic equivalent elastic modulus(Young's modulus)of DS superalloys under different tensile orientations effectively. To demonstrate the correctness of the GBE model,3D finite element simulation is adopted and tensile experiments on a Ni3Al-base DS superalloy(IC10)along five tensile orientations are carried out. Meanwhile,the grain boundaries are observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Therefore,the GBE model is proved to be feasible by comparing the simulated results with the experiments.
摘要:Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics&Astronautics(TNUAA)is a bimonthly journal facing international academic community.Emphasizing prompt and effective dissemination of key data and new scientific insights,TNUAA offers publication of new experimental and theoretical papers bearing on applications to all branches of aeronautics,astronautics and civil aviation.
摘要:The air-gap flux density formula and thrust expression of long primary double sided linear induction machine(DLIM)in the secondary motion reference frame are deduced by using the Maxwell equations firstly.Then,by analyzing the factors that affect the thrust ripple in the thrust expression,a shuttle type secondary structure of long primary DLIMs is proposed,and its thrust performances of the machine with different shuttle size combinations are simulated and compared with that of plate secondary long primary DLIM.Comparison results show that the new secondary structure can suppress the thrust ripple and improve the stability of system acceleration.
摘要:The Vienna rectifier with unbalanced input voltage and load transient is analyzed.A nonlinear control strategy for Vienna rectifier under unbalanced input is proposed.From the view of positive and negative sequence components,the proposed nonlinear control strategy suppresses the twice frequency ripple and guarantees the dynamic response characteristic at the same time.Thanks to the proposed nonlinear control strategy,the DC bus capacitor can be reduced a lot since the voltage ripple and drop can be suppressed.A 10 kW Vienna rectifier is built to verify the proposed control strategy.After applying the proposed nonlinear control strategy,the voltage ripple is only7 V and decreases over 75%over the traditional PI control when the unbalanced degree is 20%.The voltage drop can be reduced about 80%than former control strategy which is helpful to reduce the DC bus capacitor and achieve higher power density.The volume of the capacitor can be reduced by 83.3%with the new control method.
摘要:Design method of split planar resonant inductor in 1 kV SiC logical link control(LLC)converter is proposed,which ensures the converter power density of 93.59 W/in^3 and peak efficiency of 95.73%.Split resonant inductor helps to provide symmetrical resonant current by symmetrical impedance,and improves the distortion of resonant current,which ensures the efficiency of the whole converter.An interleaved winding connecting scheme improves the power density of the planar magnets,which contributes to power density improvement.Design method and calculation process of such split planar resonant inductor are provided.To verify the feasibility of the proposed design method,a 1 kV/48 V 6.6 kW,210 k Hz SiC LLC prototype was built,and the experimental results are given.
摘要:Considering the promotion effect of interlaminar normal tensile stress and the inhibition effect of interlaminar normal compressive stress,two kinds of elimination initial criteria were proposed in this paper.Based on these two delamination initial criteria,a modified cohesive zone model(CZM)was established to simulate the delamination behavior in laminated composites.Numerical simulations of double cantilever beam(DCB),mixed-mode bending(MMB)and end notched flexure(ENF)tests were conducted.The results show that the proposed model can do a better job than common ones when it is used to predict laminates’delamination under interlaminar compression stress.Moreover,a factor r,named cohesive strength coefficient,was defined in this paper on account of the difference between cohesive strength and interlaminar fracture strength.With changing factor r,it shows that a moderate variation of cohesive strength will not cause significant influences on global load-displacement responses.Besides,in order to obtain a good balance between prediction accuracy and computational efficiency,there shall be two or three numerical elements within the cohesive zone.
摘要:The weighted-sum-of-gray-gas(WSGG)model and Mie theory are applied to study the influents of particle size on the radiative transfer in high temperature homogeneous gas-particle mixtures,such as the flame in aero-engine combustor.The radiative transfer equation is solved by the finite volume method.The particle size is assumed to obey uniform distribution and logarithmic normal(L-N)distribution,respectively.Results reveal that when particle size obeys uniform distribution,increasing particle size with total particle volume fraction fvunchanged will result in the decreasing of the absolute value of radiative heat transfer properties,and the effect of ignoring particle scattering will also be weakened.Opposite conclusions can be obtained when total particle number concentration N0 is unchanged.Moreover,if particle size obeys L-N distribution,increasing the narrowness indexσor decreasing the characteristic diameter Dˉwith the total particle volume fraction fvunchanged will increase the absolute value of radiative heat transfer properties.With total particle number concentration N0 unchanged,opposite conclusions for radiative heat source and incident radiation terms can be obtained except for radiative heat flux term.As a whole,the effects of particle size on the radiative heat transfer in the high-temperature homogeneous gas-particle mixtures are complicated,and the particle scattering cannot be ignoring just according to the particle size.
摘要:The ejector-powered engine simulator(EPES)system is an important piece of equipment in conducting an influence test of the intake and jet flow in low-speed wind tunnels.In this work,through the analysis of the structure and principle of EPES,three parts of the internal flow force were obtained,namely,the additional resistance before the inlet,the internal flow force in the inlet and the thrust produced by the ejector.On the assumption of one-dimensional isentropic adiabatic flow,the theoretical formulae for calculating the forces were derived according to the measured total pressure,static pressure and total temperature of the internal flow section.Subsequently,a calibration tank was used to calibrate the EPES system.On the basis of the characteristics of the EPES system,the process and method of its calibration were designed in detail,and the model installation interface of the calibration tank was reformed.By applying this method,the repeatability accuracy of the inlet flow rate calibration coefficient was less than0.05%,whereas that of the exhaust flow rate and velocity was less than 0.1%.Upon the application of the calibration coefficients to the correction of the wind tunnel experiment data,the results showed good agreement with the numerical simulation results in terms of regularity and magnitude before stall,which validates the reasonableness and feasibility of the calibration method.Analysis of the calibration data also demonstrated the consistency in the variation law and trend between the theoretical calculation and actual measurement of internal flow force,further reflecting the rationality and feasibility of the theoretical calculation.Nevertheless,the numerical difference was large and further widened with a higher ejection flow rate mainly because of the accuracy of flow measurement and the inhomogeneity of internal flow.The thrust deflection angle of EPES is an important factor in correcting this issue.In particular,the thrust deflection angle becomes larger with small ejection flow and becomes smaller with an increase in flow rate,essentially exhibiting a general change of less than 10°.
摘要:For the enhancement of heat transfer efficiency,a novel turbulator inspired by the morphology of barchan dunes,called the mimetic barchan dune(MBD)turbulator,is designed and evaluated in the simplified gas turbine transition section.By using computational fluid dynamics(CFD),the numerical simulations for comparison have been carried out,concluding the smooth thermal surface,a thermal surface with riblet-shaped turbulator and a thermal surface with MBD turbulator.Then,two indicators are investigated for evaluating the coolant performance which are the heat transfer efficiency(η)on the outlet and the pressure loss(ΔP)in the coolant chamber.The numerical results show that the coolant has the best heat transfer efficiency with less pressure loss in the coolant chamber with the MBD turbulator.Then,the effect of the MBD turbulator sizes on heat transfer efficiency is investigated.When the height of the MBD turbulator(h)is set at 8 mm,the maximum amount of heat that could be transfered by the coolant is up to566.2 K and the corresponding heat transfer efficiency is 26.62%.The detail flows have been shown to elucidate the function of the MBD surface which may greatly arouse more design for solving harsh circumstance.
摘要:High-speed airflow in wind tunnel tests usually causes dramatic vibration of ejector structure,which may lead to fatigue and even destruction of the wind tunnel.Therefore,analyzing and solving the flow-induced vibration problem is a tough and indispensable part of the wind tunnel security design.In this paper,taking a kind of two-stage ejector as the study object,multiple numerical simulation methods are adopted in order to carry out research on the analysis technique of the flow-induced vibration characteristics of ejector structure.Firstly,the structural dynamics characteristic is analyzed by using the ejector structural dynamics numerical model,which is built on the basis of finite element method.Secondly,the complex flow phenomenon is explored applying numerical fluid-dynamics model of the inner flow field of the ejector,which is constructed on the basis of finite volume method.Finally,based on the two numerical models above,the vibration response of the ejector structure induced by the high-speed airflow is computed via the fluid-solid coupling technique.The comparison of the simulation results with the actual vibration test indicates that these numerical simulation methods can accurately figure out the rule of flow-induced vibration of ejectors.
摘要:Digital micro-thruster arrays can be used for special missions of micro/nano-satellites with the requirements of high precision and small impulse.This paper presents a novel control allocation algorithm for the digital micro-thruster array,namely status graph based control allocation(SGBCA)algorithm,which aims at finding the optimal micro thrusters combination scheme to realize the sequential control synthesis for micro/nano-satellite during real-time orbit control tasks.A mathematical model is set up for the control allocation of this multivariate over-actuated system.Through dividing thrusters into disjoint segments by offline calculation and combining segments dynamically online to provide a sequence of the required impulse for the micro/nano-satellite,the time complexity of the control allocation algorithm decreases significantly.All levels of impulse can be generated by the digital micro thruster arrays and the service life of the arrays can be extended using the segment converting strategy proposed in this paper.The simulation indicates that the algorithm can satisfy the requirements of real-time orbit control for micro/nano-satellites.