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癌症转移与治疗：英文版

癌症转移与治疗：英文版

  • 发文量：122
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癌症转移与治疗：英文版 >2022年第12期
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  • 摘要：Aim: Primary tumors can be divided into oncogene-addicted (e.g., lung) and non-oncogene addicted (e.g., breast). Only the former group has an Achilles-heel single gene for successful target therapy, whereas the latter has mutations of multiple causative genes. Currently, tissue biopsy used for genetic surveys do not give a complete picture of the molecular profile and clonal evolution, but only provide static information over time. Methods: A series of 133 patients with 16 different solid tumors were enrolled. Blood samples were collected and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted. cfDNA libraries were analyzed using AVENIO circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) Expanded Kit and Illumina NextSeq 550 for sequencing was used. In order to evaluate the clinical evolution over time, a second cfDNA analysis was performed after a mean interval of 2 months. Results: Through the cfDNA liquid biopsy, we found 89 pathogenic variants in 54 genes. Breast, lung, and prostate cancers showed the largest number of mutated genes. TP53, PIK3CA, FGFR3, KRAS, and ERBB2 were the most frequently mutated genes among 16 different tumors. Gene distribution didn't show any type of prevalence. In particular, every patient with disease progression seems to have a "private" combination of gene pair mutations, with TP53 as the most frequently mutated gene. Conclusion: We showed that the clonal evolution of tumors includes a private combination of genes, regardless of tumor type. In the future, the cancer treatment can be the targeted therapy against specific tumor mutation(s). The present approach seems promising to both identify key cancer genes and follow clonal evolution over time.
  • 摘要：Metabolomics is the last frontier of modern molecular biology, and the state-of-the-art technique for studying metabolism. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the main analytical approaches in metabolomics. Cellular metabolism plays a pivotal role during cell resting and activation. Immune cells exhibit remarkable metabolic plasticity, fundamental to support their adaptation to inflammatory environments and functional requirements. Cancer is a metabolic and inflammatory disease. A metabolic shift is crucial for oncogenesis, tumor cell survival, invasion, metastasis, and the associated inflammatory process. The tumor microenvironment is mainly orchestrated by immune-inflammatory cells and essential for the neoplastic process. Inflammatory cells from tumor stroma adapt to different metabolic pathways during tumor progression, and this metabolic reprogramming affects macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, and others. Targeting the metabolism of tumor and immune cells may lead to important therapeutic implications in cancer. Thus, understanding the metabolic changes that drive the interactions between tumor and stromal cells is a promising avenue advances in cancer diagnostics and therapies, leading to more accurate guidance. In this review, we discuss the most recent metabolomics approaches in cancer studies on the tumor-associated inflammatory microenvironment.
  • 摘要：Aim: The present in silico study aimed to evaluate the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibition potential of Bulbine frutescens (B. frutescens) phytochemicals. Methods: Several previous studies and databases were used to retrieve the ligands and target protein structure. The molecular docking study was performed using the Auto Dock Tools, and the GROMACS package was applied to accomplish molecular dynamics simulation. Results: Utilizing the molecular docking and simulation approach, ～25 phytochemicals were screened against the ABC transporter protein. Docking score analysis revealed that B. frutescens phytochemical 4'-Demethylknipholone 2'-β-D-glucopyranoside exhibited strong binding on the ABC transporter protein with a minimum binding score -9.8 kcal/mol in comparison to the standard ABC transporter inhibitor diltiazem (-6.86 kcal/mol). Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation for 4'-Demethylknipholone 2'-β-D-glucopyranoside showed an acceptable root mean square deviation, radius of gyration, root mean square fluctuation, and hydrogen bond, in addition to other lead compounds. Conclusion: The in-silico study demonstrated that B. frutescens phytochemical 4'-Demethylknipholone 2'-β-D-glucopyranoside possesses anti-drug resistance properties and requires further testing in preclinical settings.
  • 摘要：Liquid biopsy, including both circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA, is gaining momentum as a diagnostic modality adopted in the clinical management of breast cancer. Prospective studies testing several technologies demonstrated clinical validity and, in some cases, achieved the United States Food and Drug Administration approval. The initial testing and clinical application of liquid biopsy focused primarily on the diagnosis, while molecular characterization and monitoring of metastatic disease, with larger data from prospective studies, came in the last two decades. Although its role in metastatic setting is thus widely recognized, the current evidence does not provide support for the routine clinical use of liquid biopsy methods for the earlier stage of this disease. Considering the relevance of early detection, characterization, and management of breast cancer in the early-stage, this clinical setting is the most suitable to increase the chances for effective treatment selection and improved prognosis, and a better understanding of the main application of liquid biopsy tools in the earlier stage of breast cancer is therefore crucial. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical evidence and subsequent potential applications of liquid biopsy in early breast cancer, identifying the main existing caveats and the possible future scenarios.
  • 摘要：Cancer remains the second leading cause of death worldwide and a major public health and economic issue. To reduce the burden, new approaches are necessary to diagnose the disease at early stages and improve clinical outcomes of cancer patients, for which understanding the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis is crucial. Autophagy is a pro-survival pathway that ensures the removal and renewal of cellular macromolecular structures, thus playing a crucial role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy can favor chemoresistance and survival of dormant cancer cells, thus favoring cancer progression and relapse. Several studies report dysregulated expression of long non-coding RNAs and micro-RNAs acting as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters by targeting genes involved in the autophagy pathway. Here, we focus on the role played by non-coding RNAs-mediated regulation of autophagy in development and progression of cancers in women. Understanding how epigenetics can impact autophagy might open novel therapeutic strategies in the fight against cancers in women.
  • 摘要：Aim: Therapeutic agents suppressing bone remodeling have been clinically approved to delay metastatic progression and skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastasis. However, therapeutic agents including zoledronic acid (ZA) are insufficient to regress established bone metastasis. Therefore, new treatment strategies are desired, and unraveling the status of cancer cells during bone metastatic progression will help develop therapeutic strategies. Methods: We developed a unique multiplexed reporter system for bioluminescent imaging (MRS-BLI) using three luciferase reporter genes. This system allows for the noninvasive and quantitative monitoring of tumor growth and activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), which are the key transcriptional factors in response to inflammation and hypoxia, respectively. PC-3/MRS-BLI, a human prostate cancer cell line that stably retains the MRS-BLI reporter genes, was applied to the caudal-artery injection model of bone metastasis to observe the status of cancer cells during bone metastasis development and ZA treatment (< 1 month). Results: MRS-BLI reveals key events during the bone metastasis development: NF-κB and HIF are activated in cancer cells after migration to the bone marrow and are transiently reduced, followed by rapid activation before proliferation begins. ZA treatment suppresses the growth of metastasized cancer cells by suppressing NF-κB and HIF activities that may be indirectly induced by osteoclast activation. Conclusion: By visualizing the NF-κB and HIF activities of PC-3/MRS-BLI in bone, MRS-BLI has enabled new discoveries regarding the regulation of bone metastases. Further analysis of the progression of bone metastases using MRS-BLI may provide important information for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • 摘要：This review provides the up-to-date physiological, pathophysiological, and carcinogenic roles of autophagy in the thyroid. The data on its physiological roles are mainly obtained with genetically engineered mice, demonstrating the importance of autophagy for the maintenance of cell homeostasis and survival as well as provision of building blocks for sufficient synthesis of proteins such as thyroglobulin. Positive and negative controls of autophagic activity by thyrotropin and thyroid hormone, respectively, are now apparent. In thyroid cancer, there is no published study on the role for autophagy in the initiation/development of thyroid cancer, and there exist many inconsistent data regarding its role in established thyroid cancer behavior. For example, definitive conclusions remain to be elucidated regarding the level of autophagic activity in thyroid cancer cells and the effect of autophagy inducers/inhibitors on cancer cell survival/proliferation. Especially, when autophagy is targeted in novel cancer therapeutics, some studies show its pro-survival, but others its anti-survival or context-dependent, effects on thyroid cancer cells. Further studies are in the future necessary to further elucidate the potential of autophagy as a therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.
  • 摘要：Proximal humeral reconstructive options following radical resection of proximal humeral primary and metastatic bone malignancies have evolved over time. With the relatively recent advent of the reverse total shoulder (RTSA), this technique has been increasingly employed in this setting over hemiarthroplasty techniques. An array of options, including proximal humeral allograft-prosthetic composites (including both RTSA and hemiarthroplasty), megaprostheses, and osteoarticular allografts, is reviewed from the perspective of their indications, techniques, complications, and published results. An extensive case-based pictorial presentation illustrates these options.
  • 摘要：The diagnosis of primary tumors of bone relies heavily on clinicopathological and radiological correlation and is often best performed in a multidisciplinary setting. Bone tumors comprise a heterogenous category of human lesions ranging from benign to malignant neoplasms. These tumors affect a wide age range and can become problematic for diagnosis when less common entities are encountered. Traditionally the pathological diagnosis of many bone tumors has been based primarily on the evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained glass slides, sometimes combined with ancillary diagnostic techniques such as immunohistochemistry, conventional cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction-based assays. More recently, the advent of massively parallel sequencing-based techniques has opened new avenues for diagnostic testing in bone tumors; however, these new testing modalities are sensitive to traditional decalcification procedures that are commonly used in the routine processing of bony specimens. Herein we provide a focused review concentrating on the molecular genetic features of bone tumors with specific, recurrent genetic alterations that make them appealing targets for directed ancillary testing by conventional or molecular techniques. In addition, specimen handling with regards to decalcification procedures are discussed and the different types of testing modalities available are reviewed.
  • 摘要：The immune system plays an important role in breast cancer. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a higher mutational load compared to other subtypes. In addition, higher levels of tumor-associated antigens suggests that immunotherapies are a promising treatment option especially for TNBC. Our review discusses both the complexity of the immune system and the cancer immune-cell cycle. In fact, a higher level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with an improved prognosis as well as a better response to chemotherapy in TNBC. Important target structures within the cancer immune-cell cycle are the so-called "immune checkpoints". Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) block the interaction of certain cell surface proteins that serve as "brakes" of immune reactions. Recent studies have shown ICPi improved survival in early as well as advanced TNBC. However, this has the price of increasing, mainly, immune-mediated toxicity. ICPi strengthen tumor-specific T cell-mediated immunity by "releasing the brake" of the immune system. In combination with chemotherapy, ICPi are already approved for TNBC. As a further step, individualized vaccination strategies against tumor-associated neoantigens represent another promising approach. A liposome-formulated intravenous RNA vaccine encoding different tumor-associated antigens is currently being studied in TNBC and leads to neoantigen-specific immune responses. These novel strategies will improve the prognosis of patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
  • 摘要：Since its inception, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected health care as a whole. Cancer patients in general and those suffering from lung cancer in particular are a vulnerable group because of their many intrinsic characteristics and care needs. How SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection affects these patients regarding their risk of infection and outcome in this patient cohort is still to be determined. In this review, we tried to summarize our main concerns regarding COVID-19 in the context of cancer patients from a clinical and multidisciplinary approach. Different types of lung cancer treatments (chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy) may also influence the risk of infection and condition the patient's risk of having a worse outcome. Lung cancer patients require frequent radiologic study follow-ups, which may be affected by COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 related incidental radiologic findings can appear in routinely scheduled radiology tests, which may be difficult to interpret. Also cancer treatment induced pneumonitis may have similar radiologic features similar to those in acute SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and lead to a wrong diagnosis. The different health care needs, the requirement for continuous health care access and follow-ups, and the clinical traials in which this patient population might be enrrolled are all being affected by the current COVID-19 health crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic has put health care providers and institutions in difficult situations and obliged them to face challenging ethical scenarios. These issues, in turn, have also affected the psychological well-being of health care workers.
  • 摘要：Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the common lethal malignancies which is increasing rapidly in the world. Increasing risks from alcohol and tobacco habits, lack of early detection markers, lack of effective chemotherapeutic agents, recurrence and distant metastasis make the disease more complicated to manage. Laboratory-based studies and epidemiological studies indicate important roles of nutraceuticals to manage different cancers. The plant bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a good source of nutrients and bio-active phytochemicals such as triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lectins, sterols and proteins. The plant is widely grown in Asia, Africa, and South America. Bitter melon has traditionally been used as a folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine in Asian culture to treat diseases such as diabetes, since ancient times. The crude extract and some of the isolated pure compounds of bitter melon show potential anticancer effects against different cancers. In this review, we shed light on its effect on OSCC. Bitter melon extract has been found to inhibit cell proliferation and metabolism, induce cell death and enhance the immune defense system in the prevention of OSCC in vitro and in vivo. Thus, bitter melon may be used as an attractive chemopreventive agent in progression towards OSCC clinical study.
  • 摘要：Seaweeds have been a food source since ancient times (600 BC) and are still widely used in Asia, mainly in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese folk medicine. Nowadays, seaweed compounds and extracts have been gaining interest from the biomedical and pharmaceutical market sectors. Seaweeds have been referenced as feasible solutions in finding new potential compounds and therapies in prevention, control, and reduction of cancer development due to the multirole of some bioactive components (e.g, phenolic compounds and sulphated polysaccharides). Moreover, seaweeds are rich in important health-promoting molecules [such as poly and highly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs and HUFAs), essential amino acids, vitamins, and dietary fibers] and minerals (calcium, iron, iodine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium, and fluoride). In this review, the potential therapeutic effects of seaweed in the prevention and treatment of cancer are approached, as well as nutraceutical properties of seaweed to promote cell homeostasis.
  • 摘要：The aim of this study was to collect the evidence on the performance of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) in terms of detection rate (DR) and diagnostic accuracy in identifying hematogenous metastases in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and compare its performance with that of other imaging techniques. A comprehensive PubMed/MEDLINE database research was carried out to retrieve studies documenting the performance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in depicting hematogenous metastases in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Statistical analysis was performed on a per-patient and per-lesion basis. The literature search yielded 15 articles to be included in the systematic review. 18F-FDG PET/CT showed a pooled DR of 85.08％ on a per-patient analysis and 89.70％ on a per-lesion analysis. For bone lesions, a high DR (81.78％) was found for 18F-FDG PET/CT. For the sub-group analysis of lung lesions, pooled DR was 92.77％ for 18F-FDG PET/CT, 95.02％ for CT, and 64.93％ for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On a per-patient analysis, 18F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated a pooled sensitivity (SS) of 87.3％ [95％ confidence interval (CI): 77.3％-94％] and a pooled specificity (SP) of 95.6％ (95％CI: 87.6-99.1). On a per-lesion analysis (328 metastases), PET/CT showed a pooled SS and SP of 86.3％ (95％CI: 73.5％-93.5％) and 93.4％ (95％CI: 71.7％-98.8％) in the detection of hematogenous metastases. The presented systematic review and meta-analysis favor the use of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the detection of hematogenous metastases in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. The limited literature warrants further studies to confirm our findings.
  • 摘要：Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogenous group of rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin, affecting both children and adults. The majority of STS have a poor prognosis and advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Standard treatments for STS largely constitute tumour resection with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and there has been little significant advancement in the application of novel therapies for treatment of these tumours. The current multimodal approach to therapy often leads to long-term side effects, and for some patients, resistance to cytotoxic agents is associated with local recurrence and/or metastasis. There is, therefore, a need for novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of STS. Recent advances in epigenetics have implicated the histone methyltransferase, EZH2, in the development and progression of diseases such as breast cancer, lymphoma and more recently STS. Here we will review the current literature for EZH2 in STS, including high expression of EZH2 in STS and correlation of this with specific features of malignancy (metastasis, histological grade, and prognosis). The effects of targeting EZH2 using RNA interference and small molecule inhibitors will also be reviewed and the potential for the use of EZH2 inhibition in therapeutic strategies for STS patients will be discussed.
  • 摘要：Aim: Leelamine (LLM) inhibits the growth of human prostate cancer cells but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of LLM on cMyc, which is overexpressed in a subset of human prostate cancers. Methods: The effect of LLM on cMyc expression and activity was determined by western blotting/confocal microscopy and luciferase reporter assay, respectively. A transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer (Hi-Myc) was used to determine the chemopreventive efficacy of LLM. Results: Exposure of androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) and castration-resistant (22Rv1) human prostate cancer cells to LLM resulted in downregulation of protein and mRNA levels of cMyc. Overexpression of cMyc partially attenuated LLM-mediated inhibition of colony formation, cell viability, and cell migration in 22Rv1 and/or PC-3 cells. LLM treatment decreased protein levels of cMyc targets (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase), however, overexpression of cMyc did not attenuate these effects. A trend for a decrease in the expression level of cMyc protein was discernible in 22Rv1 xenografts from LLM-treated mice compared with control mice. LLM treatment (10 mg/kg body weight, 5 times/week) was well-tolerated by Hi-Myc transgenic mice. The incidence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, and microinvasion were lower in LLM-treated Hi-Myc mice but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study reveals that LLM inhibits cMyc expression in human prostate cancer cells in vitro but concentrations higher than 10 mg/kg may be required to achieve chemoprevention of prostate cancer.
  • 摘要：The immune cellular components of the tumour microenvironment are a diverse group of cells that paradoxically are now appreciated to have a coordinated opposing duality of either promoting or retarding tumour growth. Manipulating this seemingly dynamic interaction for therapeutic benefit is a hotbed of much research. Recent findings in tumour immunology (both preclinical and clinical) build on more than a century of insights and provide a way forward to improving patient outcomes, long term survival and the predictability of "cures". This opinion piece attempts to summarise some of these historical and contemporary insights with a view to describing eminently testable therapeutic solutions.
  • 摘要：Malignant pleural mesothelioma(MPM)is an aggressive and recalcitrant surface neoplasm that defies current multimodality treatments.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are small noncoding RNAs that epigenetically regulate multiple gene networks and cellular processes.In cancer,miRNA dysregulation is associated with tumorigenesis,with tumor suppressor miRNAs underexpressed or lost,while oncogenic miRNAs are overexpressed.Consequently,miRNAs have emerged as potential therapeutic candidates.Because loss of tumor suppressors predominates the pathophysiology of MPM,re-expressing tumor suppressor miRNAs could be an effective therapeutic strategy.This review highlights the most promising MPM-specific tumor suppressor miRNAs that could be developed into novel therapeutics,the supporting data,and what is known about their molecular mechanism(s).
  • 摘要：Aim:Lymph node(LN)metastases are associated with poor outcomes in patients with recurrent larynx squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC).Neck dissection(ND)is therefore commonly performed along with salvage total laryngectomy(STL).Here,we assess the rate of occult LN metastases and the diagnostic value of MRI and PET/CT for detecting them in recurrent LSCC.Methods:This retrospective study included patients with recurrent LSCC after primary(chemo)radiotherapy[(C)RT]who were re-staged by MRI and/or PET/CT and treated with STL and ND between 2004 and 2019.The histopathology of ND samples was used as the reference standard.Results:Forty-one patients were included.The prevalence of occult metastases in MRI-negative and PET/CT-negative neck nodes was between 3.2％ and 6.1％.Negative predictive values of neck node re-staging were 93.9％ for MRI,96.8％ for PET/CT,and 96.2％ for MRI and PET/CT combined.Conclusion:Both MRI and PET/CT afforded good negative predictive values for nodal staging in patients with recurrent LSCC after(C)RT prior to STL.In selected patients,these radiological modalities,particularly PET/CT,could help to avoid unnecessary surgery to the neck and its associated morbidity.
  • 摘要：Patients with unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) have historically poor outcomes and treatment, and their treatments have been limited to palliative chemotherapy. Recent efforts to improve prognosis for these patients by adding angiogenesis inhibitors to chemotherapy led to significant benefits. However, the emergence of immunotherapy combinations for the front-line treatment has upended the standard of care and has led to the first new FDA approvals for the treatment of MPM in nearly two decades. This review aims to cover the main clinical trials in unresectable MPM with VEGF inhibitors and immunotherapy which have led to paradigm shifts in current practice. Ongoing clinical trials exploring the combination of chemo and immunotherapies show a great deal of promise, and continued support for ambitious, large-scale well-designed trials remain vital for defining the future outcomes of patients diagnosed with MPM.
  • 摘要：The incidence of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma has been increasing in Asian countries. Despite the recent advances in multidisciplinary treatments, EGJ adenocarcinoma remains aggressive with unfavorable outcomes. Regarding surgical strategy, EGJ adenocarcinoma arises between the esophagus and the stomach, and thus tumor cells spread through the lymphatic system both upward to the mediastinum and downward to the abdomen. Nevertheless, an optimal extent of lymphadenectomy remains controversial. Regarding drug therapy, the latest topic in gastric and EGJ adenocarcinoma is trastuzumab deruxtecan, which is an antibody-drug conjugate consisting of an anti-HER2 antibody. In addition, many clinical trials have recently demonstrated the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Meanwhile, recent advances in sequencing technology have revealed that gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma could be categorized into four molecular subtypes: epstein-Barr virus-associated, high-level microsatellite instability, genomically stable, and chromosomal instability tumors. Furthermore, these subtypes show distinct clinical phenotypes and molecular alterations. We review the current surgical strategy and drug treatment such as molecular-targeted agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and molecular-subtype-based therapeutic strategies in EGJ adenocarcinoma. Clinical and molecular characteristics and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors differ among molecular subtypes. Treatment strategies based on molecular subtypes may be clinically beneficial for patients with EGJ adenocarcinoma.
  • 摘要：Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are uncommon and aggressive diseases that are difficult to study. Combination chemotherapy such as cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone has been the mainstay of treatment for almost 30 years, but outcomes remain poor. The development of new targeted therapies is changing the landscape of how we treat patients with these difficult diseases. For instance, the addition of brentuximab vedotin to combination chemotherapy enhanced the outcomes in patients with CD30-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas, but there is still a need for better therapies in the other numerous subtypes. Here we discuss the data for the existing treatment paradigm of PTCL as well as the merits of shifting toward a chemotherapy-free approach.
  • 摘要：Early diagnosis of cancer can significantly improve treatment and survival outcomes. Imaging and tissue biopsy are the gold standard diagnostic approaches but are costly, invasive, and often unable to detect early-stage tumors. The past decade has marked an acceleration in the discovery and development of liquid biopsy tests for aiding in the detection of various types of tumor markers in non-tissue samples, such as blood. Liquid biopsy markers include circulating tumor cells, as well as tumor cell fragments, nucleic acids, and proteins. Liquid biopsy may be useful in screening patients considered to be at high risk of developing cancer, for refining diagnosis when combined with other test results, and for early detection of recurrence. Advances in big data analytics, informatics, and artificial intelligence will make it possible to combine patient history, clinical data, and liquid biopsy marker profiles to achieve more accurate and earlier diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the current use of liquid biopsy in cancer care, including the development of multi-analyte panels to improve diagnostic accuracy and detect several cancer types in a single assay. We highlight recent advances for potential future applications of liquid biopsy to aid in the diagnosis of early-stage lung cancer. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges of integrating liquid biopsy into current algorithms for cancer screening and diagnosis.
  • 摘要：V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is a negative immune checkpoint that is expressed on multiple immune cell subsets and has been characterized in T cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. As the only immune checkpoint expressed on na?ve T cells, VISTA contributes to the maintenance of T cell quiescence and tolerance. VISTA also regulates multiple myeloid cell activities such as chemotaxis, differentiation, and migration. In the context of cancer, antagonistic monoclonal antibody targeting of VISTA has been shown to aid anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, combination therapies that include other immune checkpoints such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 with VISTA blockade may enhance therapeutic efficacy in a variety of cancers. Combination therapy may help overcome adaptive resistance to individual checkpoint therapies, thereby improving patient outcomes and survival. Here, we summarize the role of VISTA in myeloid cells and T cells within the tumor microenvironment. We discuss the proposed counter-receptors for VISTA, VISTA antibodies currently in development, and the potential for combination therapies with checkpoint inhibitors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4.

    癌症转移与治疗：英文版的期刊信息

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