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海岸生命医学杂志(英文版)

海岸生命医学杂志(英文版)

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海岸生命医学杂志(英文版) >2017年第12期

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  • 摘要：Objective: To understand the effect of weaning time on the rearing performance of yellowtail amberjack Seriola lalandi dorsalis in the experimental condition. Methods: The same weaning protocol started on four different days of post hatching (DPH), including 12 DPH (W12), 15 DPH (W15), 18 DPH (W18), and 21 DPH (W21), respectively. Growth, survival, and jaw malformation were used as the assessment criteria to evaluate the impact of weaning time on the performance of yellowtail amberjack larvae. Results: The highest specific growth rate was observed in W21 treatment, and the lowest specific growth rate was found in W12 treatment. The highest survival was achieved in W21 treatment, and the lowest survival was recorded in W12 treatment. With postponing the weaning started time, jaw malformation rate significantly reduced. At the end of this study, the highest malformation rate was observed in W12 treatment, and the malformation rate was not significantly different in W15, W18, and W21 treatment. Conclusions: Base on the results obtained in this study, we suggest that weaning of yellowtail amberjack larvae should be started from 15 DPH.
  • 摘要：Objective: To investigated the hematological, antioxidant and protective performance of Usnea longissima (U. longissima) on CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced by CCl4 (1 mL/kg body weigt 1:1 CCl4 i.p.), ethanolic U. longissima extracts at a doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weigt) were administered to and compared with Silymarin (25 mg/kg body weigt) and hematological, antioxidant and enzymatic, non-enzymatic parameters were assessed through the liver functions test. All the observation was also supplemented with histopathological examination of liver sections. Results: Phytochemical investigation showed that ethanolic extract contains poly phenolic compounds tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins and acute toxicity study shows that ethanolic extract was safe up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. The toxicant induced a rise in the plasma enzyme levels of ALT, AST, ALP and total bilirubin level. This increased level was significantly decreased by the extract at 400 mg/kg body weight than 200 mg/kg body weight. The animals were prevented (partly or fully) which was showed in the histopathological changes using ethonolic U. longissima extract. Conclusions: The outcome of this study reveals that, there is a powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of U. longissima. It is believed that the present constituents are responsible for courting the hepatic disease and alternative components have the power to act as free radical scavenging properties.
  • 摘要：Objective: To examine the antioxidant potential of Tunisian Eryngium maritimum (E. maritimum) leaf, root and stems extracts, as well as their phenolic compositions. Methods: The antioxidant activity of different extracts was assessed using DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Phenolic profiles were determined by means of liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Results: All plant parts were a rich source of phenolics. Polyphenols and flavonoids were present in leaf extracts. E. maritimum leaf extracts displayed the strongest H2O2 scavenging activity (IC50 = 76.83 μg/mL) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity value (IC50 = 47.87 μg/mL) compared to other extracts. Good relationships were observed between antioxidant activities and the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Nine bioactive compounds were detected in E. maritimum extracts. Conclusions: Our results provided evidence that E. maritimum could be an interesting source of natural antioxidant that can be used to treat divers diseases.
  • 摘要：Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Pericampylus glaucus (Lam) Merr (P. glaucus) on biochemical parameters in high fats diets treated rats. Methods: The effect of P. glaucus extract on biochemical parameters was studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. The high-fat diets along with standard normal laboratory rat''s diets were given for a period of 28 days along with ethanolic extract of P. glaucus and standard drug. The standard group was treated with simvastatin at dose of 80 mg/kg and the tested groups were treated with ethanol extract of P. glaucus at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg daily for 28 days of the experiment. The weight of animals in each group was measured weekly and the effect of extract and standard on serum lipids profile was evaluated at the end of the study. Results: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of P. glaucus at different doses of 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg and standard drug induced a significant reduction in the body weight (P< 0.001), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and uric acid levels and increase (P < 0.001) in high density lipoproteins (HDL) as compared to untreated hyperlipidemic group. Conclusions: The present work indicates that the ethanolic extract significantly suppressed the biochemical parameters in high fats diet treated animals, suggesting the antihyperlipidemic potential of P. glaucus.
  • 摘要：In 2014, the World Health Organization was notified of an outbreak of a communicable disease characterized by fever, severe diarrhea, vomiting, and a high fatality rate in Guinea. Virologic investigation identified Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) as the causative agent. Approximately 30 years after the first epidemic, there is no vaccine or therapeutic medication approved to counter the Ebola virus. In this review, it emphasized that plant based antibodies can be an effective cure to Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Genetically modified Nicotiana benthamiana is used to manufacture ZMapp drug by Kentucky BioProcessing. ZMapp three-antibody cocktail binds to the Ebola virus to deactivate it and provides simulated immune response against sugar-tagged proteins on the outside of the Ebola virus, which had verified efficacy against Ebola infection in nonhuman primates and also successfully treated two American medical workers infected with Ebola virus disease.
  • 摘要：Objective: To study the antibacterial screening of corm of Amorphophallus campanulatus (Roxb.) (A. campanulatus). Methods: Antibacterial activities of methanolic, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of corm of A. campanulatus were studied by agar diffusion technique to determine in vitro antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity was measured with respect to the standard antibacterial drug. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration was also determined by using serial dilution method to determine and evaluate antibacterial potency of test corm extracts of A. campanulatus. Results: The results showed significant antibacterial activities against four pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration values against test bacteria were found to be remarkable range in bacteria like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at concentration 0.25 mg/well, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 0.5 mg/well concentration, in Vibrio cholerae was 2 mg/well, Streptococcus pyogenes at concentration of 0.5 mg/well and Proteus mirabilis was at concentration of 2 mg/well. Conclusions: The methanolic and petroleum ether extracts are capable to maximum inhibition of the tested pathogenic bacteria.
  • 摘要：Objective: To determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in edible frogs (Rana spp.) sold at the Hanwa frog market, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Methods: A total of 117 frogs (Rana spp.) were randomly collected based on consent and availability at the market. The intestinal contents from the frogs were examined by staining flotation and sedimentation smears with modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique and microscopy of the oocysts. Results: Overall, 35.9% of frogs sampled from the Hanwa frog market were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. There were more Cryptosporidium oocysts detected by sedimentation test (28.2%) than flotation test (23.9%). There was no significant statistical association between sex of frogs and oocyst detection (χ2 = 0.5349, P > 0.05). Also, there was no correlation between the weights of frogs and the sizes of the Cryptosporidium oocysts detected (r = 0.0109, P > 0.05). Nevertheless, female frogs (40%) and frogs within the weight range 170–219 g were more infected with Cryptosporidium (66.7%). Oocysts size range 6.10–7.00 μm had the highest frequency of 10 (23.8%). By size 28.2% of the oocysts detected suggested infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium maleagridis. Conclusions: This study has established that edible frogs (Rana spp.) sold at the Hanwa frog market for human consumption were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. which constitutes a valid public health risk especially for immunocompromised individuals.
  • 摘要：Objective: To determine heavy metal concentrations in holothurians (Holothuria arenicola, Holothuria pardalis, Holothuria verrucosa, Holothuria atra, Ohshimella ehrenbergii, Holothuria cinerascens, Stolus buccalis and Holothuria leucospilota), sediments and sea water samples from both Buleji and Sunehri coasts bordering Northern Arabian Sea during January to December 2014 and to assess the level of bioaccumulation using bioaccumulation factors. Methods: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb levels were determined by Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 700 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biota concentration factor (BCF) and biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) were also calculated. Results: The mean concentrations of heavy metals in body wall of sea cucumber ranged from 0.11 to 2.67, 0.43 to 8.93, 14 to 73, 0.76 to 7.12, 0.52 to 3.02 and 11 to 46 μg/g dry wright for Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn, respectively. The greatest biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor (BSAF) value for Zn (3.29) was observed in H. leucospilota at Buleji during pre-monsoon, indicating the species as microconcentrator. The BSAF values for Cd in sea cucumber ranged from 0.042 to 1.492. Conclusions: The results suggested that the studied sea cucumber species ranged from being microconcentrators to deconcentrators. The BSAF values of Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb were low, indicating the species as deconcentrators. Zn in all species from Sunehri coast is ''very bioaccumulative'' (BCF > 5000) during all sampling periods. Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb can be considered ''bioaccumulative'' (BCF < 5000).
  • 摘要：Objective: To assess the efficacy of feeds containing approved antibiotics, viz., oxytetracycline (OTC) or potentiated sulphonamide [(sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim) SMZ-TMP] at 1 g, 2 g, 3 g and 4 g of respective antibiotics/kg feed at 2% body weight ration in preventing the Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection in Oreochromis niloticus. Methods: Commercial pellet feed was top dressed with respective antibiotics using 5 mL vegetable oil as a binder. Fish were injected intramuscularly with A. hydrophila at ≈ 6.0 × 107–8.6 × 107 CFU/fish, and fed subsequently with OTC and SMZ-TMP feeds for 10 and 5 days, respectively. Fish mortalities were recorded during the pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment periods. Results: Highest mortalities (7.42%–8.33%) were observed in challenged and untreated fish. The mortalities observed in fish fed with OTC or SMZ-TMP were 0%–6.66% with decreasing concentrations of antibiotics from 4 to 1 g/kg feed. Significant differences existed in the mortalities among fish fed with different doses of antibiotics (P < 0.05). The relative percent survival values were 20, 40, 40 and 60 for 1 g, 2 g, 3 g and 4 g OTC/kg feed groups, respectively;while in SMZ-TMP fed fish, the respective relative percent survival values were 10, 100, 100, and 100. Conclusions: The fish fed with feed containing 2 g antibiotic/kg at 2% body weight was the lowest concentration that recorded significantly lower mortality (P < 0.05), which could be the treatment of choice for the control of A. hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus in tropical condition.
  • 摘要：Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect of Cyperus species as an important medicine plant in the study area. Methods: The agar disk diffusion method was used to study the antibacterial activity of Cyperus extracts against 2 Gram-positive and 4 Gram-negative bacteria at concentration 400 and 600 mg/mL of methanol and the aqueous extract. Then minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations were determined by micro-dilution method. Results: The results showed that the methanol extract of longus species presented the highest zone of inhibition against tested pathogens (15 mm inhibition zone). Other plants did not show significant inhibition zone. The methanol extracts of the plant against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTTC 1707) strains showed the best activities, with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration of 3.125 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration was 166.50 and 83.25 mg/mL, respectively for Staphylococcus aureus (PTTC 1431) and Escherichia coli (PTTC 1399). Conclusions: The results showed that the methanol extract of the herb has antibacterial activity and therefore it could be used as a natural preservative ingredient in food and/or pharmaceutical industries.
  • 摘要：Objective: To evaluate analgesic, hypoglycemic, anxiolytic, and anthelmintic activities with phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of Tabernaemontana recurva (T. recurva) whole plants. Methods: The plant parts of T. recurva were collected, dried, powdered and extracted with methanol. Then the extracts were subjected to in vivo analgesic, hypoglycemic, anxiolytic activity in mice model and in vitro anthelmintic activity. Results: The analysis of phytochemical screening confirmed the existence of alkaloid, saponin, tannins, carbohydrate, phytosterols, glycosides and phenol. In analgesic test, a significant level of percentage inhibition of abdominal constriction was observed with concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight of extract and this was found better with formalin induced hind paw licking test rather than acetic acid induced writhing test. In hypoglycemic test, it was observed that concentration 200 mg/kg reduced blood sugar level slightly while concentration 400 mg/kg increased glucose level by 22.95%. A significant level of anxiolytic activity was observed for the study plant extract. The extract revealed potent anthelmintic activity at different concentrations. Conclusions: In light, the methanolic extract of T. recurva exhibited excellent anthelmintic, anxiolytic and analgesic activity. This plant showed moderate hypoglycemic effect at lower concentration but higher concentration increased blood glucose level.
  • 摘要：Objective: To determine the toxicity of Sapium ellipticum (S. ellipticum) ethanol leaf extract in animal model. Methods: Three groups (Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, n = 10) of Wistar rats were respectively given 0.5 mL corn oil, 400 and 800 mg/kg BW of S. ellipticum extract, twice daily, for a period of 14 days. Lethal dose (LD50) was determined and morbidity was assessed via repeated dose administration of the extract. Results: S. ellipticum at the doses employed did not cause any significant changes in the serum concentrations of ALT, AST and ALP compared to the control group. The level of total serum cholesterol was significantly (P < 0.05) and dose-dependently reduced in the extract-treated animals by 13.5% and 16.0% compared to the control animals. Total plasma protein concentration and body weight were respectively increased by 8.7% and 13.7% at 800 mg dosage of the extract. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) LD50 values of S. ellipticum leaf extract were determined as 979.80 and 1341.60 mg/kg BW respectively while the oral (p.o.) LD50 was estimated to be greater than 45000 mg/kg BW. Conclusions: The observations noted in this study apparently validate the use of S. ellipticum ethanol leaf extract in folklore medicine in terms of herbal safety.
  • 摘要：Objective: To evaluate the composition of population and abundance of green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (P. semisulcatus) in relation to presence of main groups of pathogenic bacteria isolated from tissues of different stages of shrimps in Al-Faw City, Basrah, Iraq. Methods: The specimens of shrimp P. semisulcatus were collected from December 2016 to February 2017 by commercial trawl net. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from muscle tissues of P. semisulcatus. Microbial species were characterized based on morphological and biochemical tests. Results: Monthly changes in the composition of population of P. semisulcatus during three months of the present study were observed;the highest abundance of males and females was recorded in February 2017. The sex ratio indicated a preponderance of females over males in study area. The average total numbers of isolated bacteria were 14.31 × 103 CFU/100 mL from shrimp in young and larval stages, while from adult shrimps average total number of bacteria was 18.46 × 102 CFU/100 mL. Pathogenic bacteria isolated presumably belonged to three species, namely, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: The current study showed that the total bacteria number in young and larvae specimens of P. semisulcatus was greater than that in adult specimens, and exceeded the allowed maximum bacteria number.
  • 摘要：Objective: To examine antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of Cissus populnea (C. populnea) root and Securidaca longipedunculata (S. longipedunculata) leaf and root extracts using aqueous, ethanol and petroleum-ether media. Methods: The free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl was used to measure scavenging activities of extracts, while phenol and flavonoid contents were estimated by spectrophotometry and the antibacterial screening of extracts was done using disc diffusion method. The extracts were tested against five strains of Gram positive and negative bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts in the screening assay was according to micro-broth dilution, and minimum bactericidal concentration was carried out by agar diffusion method. Results: The ethanol extract of the S. longipedunculata leaf recorded the highest [(83.00 ± 2.97) μg/mL] radical scavenging potential while the least value [(48.50 ± 2.55) μg/mL] was recorded for C. populnea root ethanol extract. The highest phenol content was found in the ethanol extract of C. populnea [(145.60 ± 0.85) mg gallic acid equivalent/g], while the least value [(87.75 ± 3.46) mg gallic acid equivalent/g] was recorded in petroleum ether extract of S. longipedunculata. The highest and lowest values [(81.30 ± 0.99) and (46.60 ± 1.98) mg rutin equivalent/g] of flavonoid were recorded with ethanol extracts of S. longipedunculata leaf and root, respectively. The aqueous and ethanol leaf and root extracts of S. longipedunculata were active against the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. Similar results were observed with ethanol and aqueous root extracts of C. populnea for the same bacteria. Conclusions: All the crude plant extracts possessed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities qualifying them as medicinal herbs that could be included in animal feed production.
  • 摘要：Objective: To evaluate the suitability of Palaemon adspersus (P. adspersus) as a bio-indicator for 4 and 10 days of cadmium toxicity bioassays. Methods: Four and ten days experiments were designed. CdCl2·2?H2O was dissolved in distilled water and a stock solution was made. At 4-day bioassay, the larvae of Baltic prawns were exposed to nominal concentrations of 0, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L of Cd for 4 days. The 4-day LC50 was calculated by the probit analysis. At 10-day bioassay, the concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L were introduced into each of the jars in triplicate treatments and 0 mg/L as control. Each tank containing 20 larvae was exposed to test solutions. Results: Results from probit analysis showed that the 96-h LC50 value was 0.14 mg/L for Cd. The 10 days bioassays were conducted with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/L Cd. Mortality increased in parallel with the increase in concentrations of Cd on Zoea – I stage of P. adspersus and time of exposure. The toxicity rate of the organism is concentration-dependent. All organisms except the control group died at the end of 10 days. Less than 25% of the animals survived at the 5 days of the exposure to concentrations of 0.5 mg/kg Cd or more. Only 20% of the organisms survived at the 7 days of the exposure to concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg Cd or less in seawater with clean sediment. Conclusions: The results showed that Cd was highly toxic to P. adspersus. When the larvae were exposed to concentrations of Cd, they become slightly excited and swam erratically, probably due to stress. However, behavioural and swimming patterns in control groups were normal, and there was not any mortality during the course of the experiment.
  • 摘要：Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant effect of honey using two classical methods generally used, and for the first time to test the effect of honey on the oxidation, chlorination and nitration by purified equine myeloperoxidase (MPO). Methods: The antioxidant activity of three Algerian honey samples (nectar honey, mixed honey and honeydew honey) was evaluated by two classical methods, the ferric- reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity. Results: Honeydew honey had the highest reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity, whereas nectar honey showed the lowest reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. All honey samples showed a significant inhibitory effect on the chlorination activity of equine MPO, but honeydew honey was the weakest inhibitor. The three samples were poorly inhibitor on the MPO oxidation and nitration activities, except for nectar honey that exerted an inhibitory effect at the highest tested concentration of 10%. These later results seem to contradict those obtained with DPPH and FRAP. Conclusions: The antioxidant capacity of honey is mainly due to the phenolic compounds and flavonoids it contained. It has been suggested that MPO might be involved in the antioxidant, not pro-oxidant, activity of phenolic compounds.
  • 摘要：In health sciences, much efforts had been made in past years to explore the radio-protective agents from natural resources due to rapid exposure of radiations to environment such as space traveling, radiotherapy and largely growing telecommunication industry. It becomes crucial to find natural sources for radio-protection. In correspondence, dragon''s blood (DB) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that possesses great medicinal values due to the presence of several phenolic compounds. For a long time, DB has been used in treatment of blood stasis, inflammation, oxidative stress, immune suppression and tumors, but recently it has been extensively used as radio-protective agent. There is no comprehensive review on radio-protective characterization of DB resin extract in literature. In our review, an attempt has been made to highlight unique and inherent radio-protection in liver, brain, kidney, lung, spleen and cerebrum. This review will help people in exploring the radioactive protectants from natural resources.
  • 摘要：Objective:To screen the effect of sulphated galactopyran fraction isolated from Gracilaria opuntia (G. opuntia) (FM4) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods:In vitro antioxidant assays of FM4 were estimated byDPPH,ABTS, hydroxyl free radical and Nitric oxide free radical activities.FM4 was purified and characterized by1H-NMR spectra andFTIR as sulphated galactopyran. Diabetes was induced intraperitonially by single dose ofSTZ (55 mg/kg body weight).FM4 was administrated orally (80, 100, 125 mg/kgBW) to diabetic rats for 60 days. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidase (LPx), glutathione reduced (GSH), vitamin-C (VIT-C) and vitamin-E (VIT-E) levels were estimated. Glibenclamide was used as standard drug. Results:Our results demonstrated that the aqueous extract ofG. opuntia possess free radical scavenging activity. During FM4 fraction treatment (100 mg/kgBW), theSOD,GPx,CAT,GST, GSH,VIT-C and VIT-E levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and theLPx levels were decreased in different organs such as liver, kidney, brain and pancreas of diabetic rats. Conclusions: The sulphated galactopyran fraction of the marine macroalgae (G. opuntia) possesses the antioxidant activity which might help in the prevention of oxidative damage that occurs during diabetes.
  • 摘要：Objective:To conduct on sustainable fingerling production technique of endangered Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) (L. calbasu) based on different protein levels in ponds. Methods: The experiment was carried out under rearing pond in fish hatchery complex with three treatments group each having three replicates under department of fisheries, University of Rajshahi.L. calbasu were stocked at 41990/ha in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The initial length ofL. calbasu in three treatments were (4.60 ± 0.10) cm and initial weights were (3.48 ± 0.01) g. Fishes were fed with 28%, 30%, 32% protein supplement for T1, T2, T3, respectively. The fishes were initially fed at 10% of body weight on 1st and 2nd fortnight. Then it was decreased at 8% of body weight on 3rd and 4th fortnight. Finally in 5th fortnight they were fed 5% of body weight. The physico-chemical characteristics of pond water were measured fortnightly. Results: The mean final weight gain was found highest in T3 (40.87 ± 0.01) g which was significant compared to T1 and T2. SGR (% bwd–1) was found 2.83 ± 0.02 (T1), 3.04 ± 0.01 (T2) and 3.39 ± 0.01 (T3). The highest survival rate ofL. calbasu was found in T3 (90.00 ± 1.00) and the lowest was found in T1 (87.00 ± 1.00). The best FCR (1.54 ± 0.01) was observed in T3 fed with 32% protein supplement. The highest production was observed in T3 (1672.20 ± 16.96 kg/ha/75 days) and lowest was observed in T1(1055.50 ± 29.04 kg/ha/75 days). The highest net benefit was calculated in T3 (260663.00 ± 4326.88 tk.) and lowest was found in T1 (112831.00 ± 7383.66 tk.). The CBR was found 0.60 ± 0.04, 0.80 ± 0.02 and 1.16 ± 0.02 in T1, T2 and T3, respectively. There were significant differences in CBR values among the three treatments. Conclutions:In this study, growth parametersi.e., weight gain, SGR (% bwd–1), length gain, total yield were significantly (P < 0.05) improved in T3 treatment fed with 32% protein supplemented diets.
  • 摘要：Objective:To evaluate the presence of heavy metal cadmium in six species of shellfish at Pulicat Lake, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: Six species of shellfish,Fenneropenaeus indicus,Fenneropenaeus monodon, Fenneropenaeus semisulcatus,Scylla serrata,Clibanarius longitarsus and Meretrix casta (M. casta) in Pulicat lake, Tamil Nadu, India were analysed for the presence of cadmium in the gills and muscles from January 2011 to December 2012. Results:The results showed seasonal variations in the uptake of cadmium. Very high accumulation of cadmium was found in the gills and muscles ofM. casta during post monsoon, summer, premonsoon and monsoon. The corresponding values of cadmium present in the gills of M. casta were 1.59, 1.56, 1.48 and 1.46μg/g in 2011 and 1.16, 1.25, 1.15 and 1.14μg/g in 2012. Whereas for muscles, they were 1.14, 0.11, 0.96 and 0.80μg/g in 2011 and 0.49, 0.34, 1.05 and 1.20μg/g in 2012. Conclusion:The results of the present study has shown that the accumulation of cadmium found in the gills and muscles were high in M. casta when compared to other species of shellfish. Thus, the consumption of the shellfish is safe, but does not exclude bioaccumulation risk in their meat. This present study has highlighted the need for estuarine biomonitoring to avoid possible contamination of shellfish and its consumers. The overall scenario of the shellfish accumulating high levels of cadmium indicates that the Pulicat lake is polluted with undesirable elements and the risk of consuming the meat of shellfish by man and other carnivores may lead to their toxicity. Stringent control measures are necessary to control the pollution of this precious lake to reduce the bioaccumulation of toxic metals in organisms.
  • 摘要：American wormseed oil, also known as Chenopodium ambrosioides oil, is obtained from the herbs of the genus Chenopodium which comprises more than 200 species and belongs to the geographical region of Asia, Europe, China, India, America and other countries.Chenopodium has been traditionally used for digestive, respiratory, diabetes, uro-genital, nervous and vascular disorders and has antihelminthic, vermifuge, emmenagogue sedative, antipyretic, antirheumatic and abortifacient activities. Ascaridole is a bicyclic monoterpene commonly known as ascarisin or 1,4-epidioxy-p-menth-2-ene which have sedative, antifungal and pain-relieving properties. It is a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi,Plasmodium falciparum, and Leishmania amazonensis and is well known for its worm-expelling potential. Ascaridole was firstly isolated by a German pharmacist in the 1900''s and at that time it was one of the best antihelmintics for the treatment of ascarids and hookworms in humans and other species like cats, dogs, horses and pigs. Ascaridole could be extracted by using a non-polar solvent hexane due to its very poor solubility in water. From the literature support, it has been proved that ascaridole have very high potential in the modern and other system of medicine for the treatment of various disorders. So on the basic of its uses, here we have collected and compiled all the data regarding its medicinal uses, pharmacological activities and analytical techniques of the ascaridole in the present review and expected that this review will be beneficial for the researcher in the field of medicine and other allied science.
  • 摘要：Objective:To compare the most accessible dry forms of ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale) used as a spice and as a remedy in order to choose the best ginger for medicinal purpose. Methods:Freshly air dried ginger, commercially dry rhizomes and ginger available in powder form are investigated in terms of nutritional values (proximate and mineral compositions) and volatiles profile. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts (decoctions and infusions) were prepared for total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents determination. Also, three standard tests were established in order to estimate the best extract with the better antioxidant potential. Results:The results showed unlike proximate composition revealing different nutritional values. In fact, freshly dried ginger contained much ash, while already dry samples contained much protein. In addition, mineral contents of studied samples indicated their dissimilar richness especially in Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Fe, and Mn. Solid phase micro-extraction gave volatile profiles with many interesting compounds, only 26 from the 51 identified components were common to studied samples with bioactive compounds predominance in freshly dried sample. Also, the antioxidant potential established by three different tests was higher in already dry samples and was positively correlated with their higher contents in the determined phytochemicals. The ethanolic extracts showed higher antioxidant activities than aqueous extracts. Decoctions and infusions were almost similar proving that long cooking time did not affect ginger antioxidant potential. Conclusions:This work highlighted the benefits of traditional preparations of ginger as sources of bioactive compounds, namely antioxidants, and proved that the available commercial samples are not identical and encouraged analyzing samples before uses depending on needs.
  • 摘要：Objective:To determine the bioefficacy of plant essential oils on Aedes aegyptiandAnopheles dirus. Repellency was determined by measuring reduction in feeding and mortality. A novelin vitro bioassay apparatus was developed that had a sausage-casing membrane feeding system. Methods:Mixtures of three essential oils were evaluated: turmeric (Curcuma longa), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), and orange (Citrus aurantium). The oils were mixed in pairs or all together at equal volume for a total of 10% volume and then formulated with 90% virgin coconut oil. Completed formulations were evaluated with and without an additional 5% vanillin. The formulations were applied to the sausage casing membranes and female mosquitoes provided (expose) blood meals (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 h) to assess the percentage repellency over time. Results:The strongest repellency was at shorter exposure periods. ForAedesaegypti, the strongest feeding reduction was with the turmeric and eucalyptus combination and with the addition of vanillin (97.6%–99.6%). ForAnopheles dirus, the strongest repellency was when all three oils were combined (98.4%–99.6%). Conclusions:Vanillin increased the effects of repellency and mortality for all formulations and demonstrated an increased potential to enhance the bioefficacy of essential oil repellents. This study also demonstrated anin vitro membrane feeding system that can be used to screen essential oils.
  • 摘要：Objective:To investigate the antifungal potential of different grades of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea [orange pekoe, broken orange pekoe fannings (BOPF) and Dust No. 1] belonging to the three agro-climatic elevations (low, mid and high). Methods: Antifungal activity was assessedin vitro using methanolic extracts (300μg/disc) and agar disc diffusion bioassay technique against threeCandida species,Candida albicans (C. albicans),Candida glabrata(C. glabrata), andCandida tropicalis. ketoconazole and itraconazole mixture was used as positive control (10μg/disc) and methanol was used as the negative control. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were also determined using standard protocols. Results: None of the extracts were effective againstCandida tropicalis. Furthermore, orange pekoe grade tea belonging to all agro-climatic elevations did not induce any antifungal activity againstC. albicans andC. glabrata as well. Conversely, Dust No. 1 belonging to all three agro-climatic elevations and low-grownBOPF showed moderate antifungal activity againstC. albicans andC. glabrata. Interestingly, the severity of the antifungal effect varied with agro-climatic elevations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 64.00–128.00μg/mL againstC. glabrata and 128.00-256.00μg/mL againstC. albicans. Conclusions:Sri Lankan Dust No. 1 andBOPF have marked antifungal activityin vitro and offer promise to be used as a supplementary beverage in prophylaxis and during drug treatment in candidiasis.
  • 摘要：Objective:To investigate the effect of crude methanolic extract of Combretum racemosum (C. racemosum) leaves on histamine-stimulated gastric secretion in rats. Methods: Phytochemical and acute toxicity tests were performed. Anti-secretory activity of C. racemosum extract was investigated in pyloric ligated rats administered histamine. Gastric juice was collected from all the animals and the volume, titratable acidity, pH and mucus content were measured. The effect of C. racemosum extract on calcium chloride induced contractions of the guinea-pig ileum suspended in high potassium, calcium-deficient depolarizing solution was investigated. The H2 receptor antagonistic potency was also evaluated using the isolated non-gravid rat uterus. Results:Phytochemistry revealed the presence of abundant amounts of saponins and moderate amounts of glycosides, terpenoids, proteins, reducing sugar, resins, alkaloids, flavonoids and carbohydrates. The oral LD50 of the extract was greater than 8000 mg/kg body weight in mice. Pretreatment of pyloric ligated rats with C. racemosum prior to histamine administration significantly reduced (P < 0.001) the volume of gastric juice and titratable acidity, and significantly increased (P < 0.001) gastric pH and gastric mucus when compared to the negative control. Both doses ofC. racemosum protected rats significantly (P < 0.001) from histamine-induced ulceration.C. racemosum potently inhibited contractions evoked by calcium chloride in a dose-dependent and reversible manner with an IC50 of 1132μg/mL.It also antagonized the relaxant effect of histamine on the isolated rat uterus in a manner comparable to cimetidine. Conclusions: The leaves of C. racemosum possess gastric anti-secretory and anti-ulcer effects and justify its use in traditional medicine in South-East Nigeria for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease.
  • 摘要：Objective: To investigate the biodegradation of high density polyethylene (HDPE) by Streptomyces species isolated from the soil of East Azerbaijan, Iran. Methods: Powders of HDPE samples were prepared by grinding in different particle sizes of 212, 300, 420, and 500 microns. Each time 50 mg of a sample was poured to a liquid medium containing species. Samples were incubated for 18 days at 28 °C in a shaker-incubator and their degradation percentage was measured by weighting method. Produced metabolite at 18th day was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Also a film of HDPE was subjected to biodegradation and after one month was analyzed by scanning electron microscope which showed degradation on the surface of the film. Results: The results showed that Streptomyces species degraded 50 mg of HDPE sample with the size of 212 μm about 18.26%, 300 and 420 μm about 14.4%, and 500 μm about 13%. Kinetic modeling of biodegradation process showed that the reaction rate was first order with respect to concentration of HDPE. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results, no high toxic material was produced during biodegradation of HDPE. Conclusions: The research showed that isolated Streptomyces sp. are capable of degradation of HDPE polymer with high degradation efficiency.
  • 摘要：Objective: To explore the antibacterial activity of Elaeocarpus floribundus fruits aqueous extracts against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates. Methods: The fresh olive fruits were collected, dried and milled in order to prepare aqueous extracts of olive seed and olive mesocarp-epicarp. The extracts were tested against clinical isolates of MRSA by agar well diffusion method, and the diameter of inhibition zone was recorded, and antibacterial capacity of the extracts (AU/mL) was determined. Results: The MRSA isolates were sensitive to aqueous extract of olive mesocarp-epicarp with diameter of inhibition zone ranging from (11.670 ± 0.577) to (15.330 ± 0.577) mm;the olive aqueous seed extract had no anti-MRSA activity. The antibacterial capacity of the extracts against the tested MRSA isolates ranged from 733.33 to 800 AU/mL. Conclusions: The olive fruits can be used as a new source of plant based non-antibiotic biotherapeutic agents for the treatment of MRSA infection.
  • 摘要：Objective: To assess water quality and diversity of aquatic insects relative to effluents discharge from resort centres in Ethiope River. Methods: Water samples collected from three study stations were analyzed using APHA methods while the kick sampling techniques were used for collection of aquatic insects. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis at significance level of 0.05. Results: Among the study stations, water temperature varied from 20 °C to 34 °C with a mean temperature of (26.17 ± 2.37) °C, while pH was recorded from 5.57 ± 0.18 to 5.94 ± 0.21. Statistically, water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were significantly different (P < 0.05) among months. A total of 14 taxa comprising 300 individuals belonging to orders of Odonata, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Diptera were recorded. There was significant difference in the overall insect diversity among the stations. Ephemeroptera was the largest and the most dominant order having 55.33% species, followed by the Odonata (15.33%), Coleoptera (9.67%) and Diptera (9.67%), Hemiptera (7%) and Plecoptera (3%). Shannon–Wiener and Evenness index were not significant (P > 0.05) in the stations. Conclusions: Significant relationships were recorded between water quality parameters and occurrence of Neoperla spio, Caenis horaria, Baetis and Chironomus species. The observed changes in aquatic insect composition were principally due to alteration in water quality. The weak correlation between aquatic insects and water quality can be attributed to functional adaptations to environmental changes. Aquatic insects have been proved to be good bio-indicator of pollution and long-term monitoring of the aquatic insects is necessary for water quality evaluation in Ethiope River.
  • 摘要：Objective: To rationalize the folkloric use of hypoglycemic, antinociceptive and antioxidant potentials with phytochemical screening of methanolic bark extract of Crataeva nurvala (C. nurvala) in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The collected bark was dried and grinded. The coarse powder was soaked in 2000 mL of 90% methanol for several days then filtrated. At 40 °C the volume of crude methanolic extract (CME) was reduced by a vacuum rotary evaporator, then the aqueous methanol extract was separated into petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, and aqueous soluble fractions by Kupchan protocol. Then the extracts were subjected to evaluate in vivo analgesic, hypoglycemic activities in Swiss albino mice model and antioxidant in vitro. Results: In quantitative phytochemical analysis, total phenolic content was found maximum (235.94 mg of GAE/g) in aqueous soluble fraction;in case of antioxidant potentials, DPPH free radical scavenging assay showed IC50 value of 9.25 μg/mL exhibited by aqueous soluble fraction in comparison to ascorbic acid (8.27 μg/mL) as a reference standard. The CMEs potentially (P < 0.05) reduced the acetic acid-induced writhing and increased (P < 0.05;P< 0.01) latency period in the tail immersion method at a dose dependent manner. The CME significantly reduced blood sugar level of diabetic rat induced by alloxan monohydrate. Conclusions: This study was conducted to validate the extensive use of C. nurvala bark as folk medicine with antinociceptive, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. It can be concluded that the bark of C. nurvala possesses good antinociceptive, moderate hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities. However, further chemical and pharmacological revise are needed to elucidate the detail mode of action behind this and identify the responsible active principles.
  • 摘要：Dear editor, Nocardia spp. are Gram-positive, aerobic, filamentous, non-spore forming, partially acid-fast and slow-growing bacteria which are found worldwide in environmental resources such as soil and water. This group of bacteria can enter the human body by inhalation and traumatic inoculation that may lead to localized (pulmonary nocardiosis) and disseminated (systemic nocardiosis) infections(1-3)Nocardial infections usually occur in immunocompromised people, such as those who consume steroids and immunosuppressive drugs, patients affected by HIV, alcohol abusers, diabetes mellitus patients and transplant recipients. According to the latest reports, prevalence of nocardiosis is increasing(3,4)Nocardia infections are often misdiagnosed. Also based on previous reports, pulmonary nocardiosis has been misdiagnosed with tuberculosis in more than two thirds of the cases. Nocardial brain abscess has also been misdiagnosed with brain tumors. Therefore, these infections must be correctly diagnosed and appropriate treatment should be prescribed[4,5].

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