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棉花研究（英文版）

棉花研究（英文版）

Journal of Cotton Research
创刊于2018年，由中华人民共和国农业农村部主管，中国农业科学院棉花研究所、中国农学会主办。期刊涵盖棉花种质资源、遗传和育种，栽培、生理、病虫草害、生物安全、农业工程，生物工程与生物技术，生物信息，分子生物学和细胞生物学，纤维发育及加工等学科，接受研究报告、综述等类型稿件。
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棉花研究（英文版） >2021年第4期

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  • 摘要：Background:Naturally-colored cotton has become increasingly popular because of their natural properties of coloration,UV protection,flame retardant,antibacterial activity and mildew resistance.But poor fiber quality and limited color choices are two key issues that have restricted the cultivation of naturally-colored cotton.To identify the possible pathways participating in fiber pigmentation in naturally-colored cottons,five colored cotton accessions in three different color types(with green,brown and white fiber)were chosen for a comprehensive analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolism during fiber development.Results:The expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes in brown cotton fibers were significantly higher than those in white and green cotton fibers.Total flavonoids and proanthocyanidin were higher in brown cotton fibers relative to those in white and green cotton fibers,which suggested that the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway might not participate in the pigmentation of green cotton fibers.Further expression analysis indicated that the genes encoding enzymes for the synthesis of caffeic acid derivatives,lignin and lignan were activated in the developing fibers of the green cotton at 10 and 15 days post-anthesis.Conclusions:Our results strengthen the understanding of phenylpropanoid metabolism and pigmentation in green and brown cotton fibers,and may improve the breeding of naturally-colored cottons.
  • 摘要：Background:An optimal N rate is one of the basic determinants for high cotton yield.The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal N rate on a new cotton cropping pattern with late-sowing,high density and onetime fertilization at the first flower period in Yangtze River Valley,China.A 2-year experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 with a randomized complete block design.The cotton growth process,yield,and biomass accumulation were examined.Results:The results showed that N rates had no effect on cotton growing progress or periods.Cotton yield was increased with N rates increasing from 120 to 180 kg·hm^−2,while the yield was not increased when the N rate was beyond 180 kg·hm−2,or even decreased(9∼29%).Cotton had the highest biomass at the N rate of 180 kg·hm^−2 is due to its highest accumulation speed during the fast accumulation period.Conclusions:The result suggests that the N rate for cotton could be reduced further to be 180 kg·hm^−2 under the new cropping pattern in the Yangtze River Valley,China.
  • 摘要：Background:Since the commercial release of Bt cotton in Burkina Faso in 2009,the issue of seed purity in producers’fields has rarely been addressed in an unbiased and objective manner.The potential for contamination of conventional seed varieties with Bt traits and the consequent threat to the continuation of organic cotton production has been documented.However,studies are rare on the varietal purity of Bt cotton seeds,despite the implications for the effectiveness and sustainability of their use.This paper compensates for the lack of research on the varietal purity of cotton seeds in Burkina Faso by reporting the results of Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay tests collected in 2015 on samples of both conventional and Bt varieties from 646 fields.Results:According to the conservative criteria used to declare the presence of a Bt gene in a given variety(more than 10%of seeds of conventional variety exhibit Bt traits,and at least 90%of seeds of Bt variety exhibit Bt traits),seed purity was very questionable for both types of variety.For the supposedly conventional variety,the Cry1Ac gene was observed in 63.6%of samples,the Cry2Ab gene was observed in 59.3%of samples,and both genes were detected in 52.2%of the seed samples.Only 29.3%of the seeds that were supposed to be of conventional type contained no Bt genes.Conversely,for the labeled Bt variety,the Cry1Ac gene was found in only 59.6%of samples,the Cry2Ab gene was found in 53.6%of the samples,and both genes were found in 40.4%of the samples.Finally,for the seeds that were supposed to contain both genes(Bollguard 2),both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes were found in only 40.4%of the samples,only one of the genes was found in 32.4%of the samples,and 27.2%of the seeds in the samples contained neither.Two factors are responsible for the severe lack of seed purity.First,conventional varieties are being contaminated with Bt traits because of a failure to revise the seed production scheme in Burkina Faso to prevent cross-pollination.Second,the original Bt seeds provided to Burkina Faso lacked varietal purity.The organic sector plays a very minor role in the cotton sector of Burkina Faso(production of organic cotton totaled 453 t in 2018/2019,out of national cotton production of 183000 t).Nevertheless,the lack of purity in conventional seed varieties is a threat to efforts to expand certified organic cotton production.The poor presence of Bt proteins in supposed Bt varieties undermines their effectiveness in controlling pests and increases the likelihood of the development of resistance among pest populations.Conclusion:Our results show the extent of purity loss when inadequate attention is paid to the preservation of seed purity.Pure conventional seeds could vanish in Burkina Faso,while Bt seeds do not carry the combination of the expected Bt traits.Any country wishing to embark on the use of Bt cotton,or to resume its use,as in the case of Burkina Faso,must first adjust its national seed production scheme to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are enforced.The preservation of varietal purity is necessary to enable the launch or the continuation of identity-cotton production.In addition,the preservation of varietal purity is necessary to ensure the sustainable effectiveness of Bt cotton.In order to ensure that procedures to preserve varietal purity are observed,seed purity must be tested regularly,and test results must be published.
  • 摘要：Background:The strength of cotton fiber has been extensively studied and significant improvements in fiber strength have been made,but fiber elongation has largely been ignored,despite it contributing to the energy needed to break fibers,which affects fiber handling and processing.High Volume Instruments(HVI)measure fiber elongation but have not been calibrated for this property,making the measurement unavailable for comparative work among instruments.In prior work,a set of elongation calibration materials had been developed based on Stelometer results.A round trial of ten Australian and U.S.instruments was conducted on six cotton samples representing a range of 4.9%to 8.1%elongation.Results:By scaling the HVI elongation values of each instrument to the values of the two calibration samples,the coefficient of variation in instrument measurements was reduced from an average of 34%for the uncalibrated measurements to 5%for the calibrated measurements.The reduction in variance allows for the direct comparison of results among instruments.A single-point elongation calibration was also assessed but found to be less effective than the proposed two-point calibration.Conclusion:The use of an effective calibration routine on HVI measurement of cotton significantly reduces the coefficient of variation of the elongation measurement within and between instruments.The implementation of the elongation calibration will allow testing and breeding programs to implement high-speed elongation testing which makes the use of elongation values possible in breeding programs.
  • 摘要：Since the advent of transgenic technology,the incorporation of gene(s)encoding traits of economic importance in cotton is being practiced worldwide.However,factors like recalcitrant nature of cotton cultivars,in vitro regeneration via tissue culture(especially via somatic embryogenesis),genotype dependency,long and toilsome protocols impede the pace of development of transgenic cotton.Besides that,types and age of explants,media composition,plant growth regulators and other environmental factors affect in vitro cotton regeneration significantly.The studies of genetic control of in vitro regeneration in plants have elucidated the role of certain transcription factor genes that are induced and expressed during somatic embryogenesis.Among these transcription factors,BABY BOOM(BBM)plays a very important role in signal transduction pathway,leading to cell differentiation and somatic embryos formation.The role of BBM has been established in plant cell proliferation,growth and development even without exogenous growth regulators.This review intends to provide an informative summary of regeneration and transformation problems in cotton and the latest developments in utilization of BBM transcription factors in cotton.We believe that the use of BBM will not only ease cotton genetic improvement but will also accelerate cotton breeding programmes.
  • 摘要：The introduction of Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)cotton has reduced the burden of pests without harming the environment and human health.However,the efficacy of Bt cotton has decreased due to field-evolved resistance in insect pests over time.In this review,we have discussed various factors that facilitate the evolution of resistance in cotton pests.Currently,different strategies like pyramided cotton expressing two or more distinct Bt toxin genes,refuge strategy,releasing of sterile insects,and gene silencing by RNAi are being used to control insect pests.Pyramided cotton has shown resistance against different cotton pests.The multiple genes pyramiding and silencing(MGPS)approach has been proposed for the management of cotton pests.The genome information of cotton pests is necessary for the development of MGPS-based cotton.The expression cassettes against various essential genes involved in defense,detoxification,digestion,and development of cotton pests will successfully obtain favorable agronomic characters for crop protection and production.The MGPS involves the construction of transformable artificial chromosomes,that can express multiple distinct Bt toxins and RNAi to knockdown various essential target genes to control pests.The evolution of resistance in cotton pests will be delayed or blocked by the synergistic action of high dose of Bt toxins and RNAi as well as compliance of refuge requirement.
  • 摘要：Background:Meta-analysis of quantitative trait locus(QTL)is a computational technique to identify consensus QTL and refine QTL positions on the consensus map from multiple mapping studies.The combination of meta-QTL intervals,significant SNPs and transcriptome analysis has been widely used to identify candidate genes in various plants.Results:In our study,884 QTLs associated with cotton fiber quality traits from 12 studies were used for meta-QTL analysis based on reference genome TM-1,as a result,74 meta-QTLs were identified,including 19 meta-QTLs for fiber length;18 meta-QTLs for fiber strength;11 meta-QTLs for fiber uniformity;11 meta-QTLs for fiber elongation;and 15 meta-QTLs for micronaire.Combined with 8589 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with fiber quality traits collected from 15 studies,297 candidate genes were identified in the meta-QTL intervals,20 of which showed high expression levels specifically in the developing fibers.According to the function annotations,some of the 20 key candidate genes are associated with the fiber development.Conclusions:This study provides not only stable QTLs used for marker-assisted selection,but also candidate genes to uncover the molecular mechanisms for cotton fiber development.
  • 摘要：Background:Cotton fiber quality and seed composition play vital roles in the economics of cotton production systems and the cottonseed meal industry.This research aimed to examine the effects of different irrigation levels and planting geometries on fiber quality and seed composition of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).We conducted a 2-year study in 2018 and 2019 in a warm,humid area in the Southeast United States on Dundee silt loam soil.There were three irrigation treatments in the study.The treatments included irrigating every furrow,or full irrigation(FI),every alternate furrow,or half irrigation(HI),and no irrigation,or rain-fed(RF).Planting geometries were on ridges spaced 102 cm apart and either a single-row(SR)or twin-rows(TR).Results:The results of high-volume instrument(HVI),advanced fiber information systems(AFIS)and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy(NIRS)showed that irrigation and planting treatments played a significant role in fiber quality and seed composition.Across irrigation treatments,significant differences were seen in fiber properties,including fineness,maturity ratio,micronaire,neps,short fiber,strength,uniformity,upper half mean length(UHML),upper quartile length by weight(UQLw),and yellowness(+b).Irrigation and planting geometry(PG)had a significant effect on micronaire,strength,and UHML while their interaction was significant only for micronaire.The micronaire was negatively affected by irrigation as FI-SR,FI-TR,HI-SR,and HI-TR recorded 11%~12%lower over the RF-SR and TR treatments.The PG played a minor role in determining fiber quality traits like micronaire and nep count.Irrigation treatments produced significantly lower(3%~4%)protein content than rain-fed,while oil content increased significantly(6%~10%).Conclusions:The study results indicate a potential for improving cotton fiber and seed qualities by managing irrigation and planting geometries in cotton production systems in the Mississippi(MS)Delta region.The HI-TR system appears promising for lint and seed quality.
  • 摘要：Background:Calmodulin(CaM)is one of the most important Ca^(2+)signaling receptors because it regulates diverse physiological and biochemical reactions in plants.CaM functions by interacting with CaM-binding proteins(CaMBPs)to modulate Ca^(2+)signaling.IQ domain(IQD)proteins are plant-specific CaMBPs that bind to CaM by their specific CaM binding sites.Results:In this study,we identified 102 GhIQD genes in the Gossypium hirsutum L.genome.The GhIQD gene family was classified into four clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ),and we then mapped the GhIQD genes to the G.hirsutum L.chromosomes.Moreover,we found that 100 of the 102 GhIQD genes resulted from segmental duplication events,indicating that segmental duplication is the main force driving GhIQD gene expansion.Gene expression pattern analysis showed that a total of 89 GhIQD genes expressed in the elongation stage and second cell wall biosynthesis stage of the fiber cells,suggesting that GhIQD genes may contribute to fiber cell development in cotton.In addition,we found that 20 selected GhIQD genes were highly expressed in various tissues.Exogenous application of MeJA significantly enhanced the expression levels of GhIQD genes.Conclusions:Our study shows that GhIQD genes are involved in fiber cell development in cotton and are also widely induced by MeJA.Thw results provide bases to systematically characterize the evolution and biological functions of GhIQD genes,as well as clues to breed better cotton varieties in the future.
  • 摘要：Background:GASA(Giberellic Acid Stimulated in Arabidopsis)gene family plays a crucial role in the phytohormone signaling pathway,growth and development,and stress responses in plants.Many GASA homologs have been identified in various plants.Nevertheless,little is known about these proteins in cotton.Results:In the current study,we identified 19,17,25,33,and 38 GASA genes via genome-wide analyses of Gossypium herbaceum,G.arboreum,G.raimondii,G.barbadense,and G.hirsutum,respectively,and performed comprehensive bioinformatics and expression analyses.According to our results,132 GASA proteins shared similar protein structures and were classified into four groups based on the phylogenetic tree.A synteny analysis suggested that segmental duplication was a key driver in the expansion of the GASA gene family.Meanwhile,the cis-element and protein interaction analyses indicated that GhGASA proteins play a significant role in the hormone responses.Transcriptomic and qRT-PCR(Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction)analyses revealed diverse expression profiles of the GhGASA genes in different organs under abiotic stresses,indicating that some GhGASA genes possibly participate in fiber development and abiotic-stress responses.Conclusions:The GASA genes in cotton were systematically identified and analyzed for the first time in this paper,and it suggested that the GASA genes are important to the development and growth of cotton.These results will support future exploration of the functions of GASA genes in cotton.
  • 摘要：Background:Stem hardness is one of the major influencing factors for plant architecture in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).Evaluating hardness phenotypic traits is very important for the selection of elite lines for resistance to lodging in Gossypium hirsutum L.Cotton breeders are interested in using diverse genotypes to enhance fiber quality and high-yield.Few pieces of research for hardness and its relationship with fiber quality and yield were found.This study was designed to find the relationship of stem hardness traits with fiber quality and yield contributing traits of upland cotton.Results:Experiments were carried out to measure the bending,acupuncture,and compression properties of the stem from a collection of upland cotton genotypes,comprising 237 accessions.The results showed that the genotypic difference in stem hardness was highly significant among the genotypes,and the stem hardness traits(BL,BU,AL,AU,CL,and CU)have a positive association with fiber quality traits and yield-related traits.Statistical analyses of the results showed that in descriptive statistics result bending(BL,BU)has a maximum coefficient of variance,but fiber length and fiber strength have less coefficient of variance among the genotypes.Principal component analysis(PCA)trimmed quantitative characters into nine principal components.The first nine principal components(PC)with Eigenvalues>1 explained 86%of the variation among 237 accessions of cotton.Both 2017 and 2018,PCA results indicated that BL,BU,FL,FE,and LI contributed to their variability in PC1,and BU,AU,CU,FD,LP,and FWPB have shown their variability in PC2.Conclusion:We describe here the systematic study of the mechanism involved in the regulation of enhancing fiber quality and yield by stem bending strength,acupuncture,and compression properties of G.hirsutum.
  • 摘要：Cotton(Gossypium spp.)contributes significantly to the economy of cotton-producing countries.Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton after China,the USA and India.The average yield of cotton is about 570.99 kg.hm^(−2) in Pakistan.Climate change and different biotic stresses are causing reduction in cotton production.Transgenic approaches have unique advantage to tackle all these problems.However,how to confer permanent resistance in cotton against insects through genetic modification,is still a big challenge to address.Development of transgenic cotton has been proven to be effective.But its effectiveness depends upon several factors,including heterogeneity,seed purity,diffusion of varieties,backcrossing and ethical concerns.Cotton biotechnology was initiated in Pakistan in 1992–1993 with a focus on acquiring cotton leaf curl virus(CLCuV)-resistant insect-resistant,and improving fiber quality.This review summarizes the use of molecular markers,QTLs,GWAS,and gene cloning for cotton germplasm improvement,particularly in Pakistan.
  • 摘要：Background:Soil salt stress seriously restricts the yield and quality of cotton worldwide.To investigate the molecular mechanism of cotton response to salt stress,a main cultivated variety Gossypium hirsutum L.acc.Xinluzhong 54 was used to perform transcriptome and proteome integrated analysis.Results:Through transcriptome analysis in cotton leaves under salt stress for 0 h(T0),3 h(T3)and 12 h(T12),we identified 8436,11628 and 6311 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)in T3 vs.T0,T12 vs.T0 and T12 vs.T3,respectively.A total of 459 differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)were identified by proteomic analysis,of which 273,99 and 260 DEPs were identified in T3 vs.T0,T12 vs.T0 and T12 vs.T3,respectively.Metabolic pathways,biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,photosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction were enriched among the identified DEGs or DEPs.Detail analysis of the DEGs or DEPs revealed that complex signaling pathways,such as abscisic acid(ABA)and jasmonic acid(JA)signaling,calcium signaling,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling cascade,transcription factors,activation of antioxidant and ion transporters,were participated in regulating salt response in cotton.Conclusions:Our research not only contributed to understand the mechanism of cotton response to salt stress,but also identified nine candidate genes,which might be useful for molecular breeding to improve salt-toleranee in cotton.
  • 摘要：Background: In order to uncover the mechanism of significantly reduced insect resistance at the late developmental stage in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.),the relationship between boll setting rate under different planting densities and Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)insecticidal concentrations in the boll wall were investigated in the present study.Two studies were arranged at Yangzhou,China during the 2017–2018 cotton growth seasons.Five planting densities(15000,25000,45000,60000 and 75000 plants per hectare)and the flower-removal treatment were imposed separately on Bt cotton cultivar Sikang3 to arrange different boll setting rates,and the boll setting rates and Bt toxin content were compared.Results: Higher boll setting rate together with lower Bt toxin contents in boll wall was observed under low planting density,whereas lower boll setting rate and higher Bt toxin contents were found under high planting density.Also,higher Bt protein concentration was associated with higher soluble protein content,glutamic-pyruvic transaminase(GPT),and glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT)activities,but lower amino acid content,and protease and peptidase activities.It was further confirmed that a higher boll setting rate with lower Bt protein content under flower-removal.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the insecticidal efficacy of boll walls was significantly impacted by boll formation.Reduced protein synthesis and enhanced protein degradation were related to the reduced Bt toxin concentration.
  • 摘要：Background: Micronaire is a comprehensive index reflecting the fineness and maturity of cotton fiber.Micronaire is one of the important internal quality indicators of the cotton fiber and is closely related to the value of the cotton fiber.Understanding the genetic basis of micronaire is required for the genetic improvement of the trait.However,the genetic architecture of micronaire at the genomic level is unclear.The present genome-wide association study(GWAS)aimed to identify the genetic mechanism of the micronaire trait in 83 representa:tive upland cotton lines grown in multiple environments.Results GWAS of micronaire used 83 upland cotton accessions assayed by a Cotton 63 K Illumina Infinium single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array.A total of 11 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for micronaire were detected on 10 chromosomes.These 11 QTLs included 27 identified genes with specific expression patterns.A novel QTL,qFM-A12–1,included 12 significant SNPs,and GhFLA9 was identified as a candidate gene based on haplotype block analysis and on strong and direct linkage disequilibrium between the significantly related SNPs and gene.GhFLA9 was expressed at a high level during secondary wall thickening at 20∼25 days post-anthesis.The expression level of GhFLA9 was significantly higher in the low micronaire line(Msco-12)than that in the high micronaire line(Chuangyou-9).Conclusions: This study provides a genetic reference for genetic improvement of cotton fiber micronaire and a foundation for verification of the functions of GhFLA9.
  • 摘要：Background: Cotton fiber yield is a complex trait,which can be influenced by multiple agronomic traits.Unravelling the genetic basis of cotton fiber yield-related traits contributes to genetic improvement of cotton.Results: In this study,503 upland cotton varieties covering the four breeding stages(BS1–BS4,1911–2011)in China were used for association mapping and domestication analysis.One hundred and forty SSR markers significantly associated with ten fiber yield-related traits were identified,among which,29 markers showed an increasing trend contribution to cotton yield-related traits from BS1 to BS4,and 26 markers showed decreased trend effect.Four favorable alleles of 9 major loci(R^(2)≥3)were strongly selected during the breeding stages,and the candidate genes of the four strongly selected alleles were predicated according to the gene function annotation and tissue expression data.Conclusions :The study not only uncovers the genetic basis of 10 cotton yield-related traits but also provides genetic evidence for cotton improvement during the cotton breeding process in China.
  • 摘要：Background:Gossypol found in cottonseeds is toxic to human beings and monogastric animals and is a primary parameter for the integrated utilization of cottonseed products.It is usually determined by the techniques relied on complex pretreatment procedures and the samples after determination cannot be used in the breeding program,so it is of great importance to predict the gossypol content in cottonseeds rapidly and nondestructively to substitute the traditional analytical method.Results:Gossypol content in cottonseeds was investigated by near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Partial least squares regression,combined with spectral pretreatment methods including Savitzky-Golay smoothing,standard normal variate,multiplicative scatter correction,and first derivate were tested for optimizing the calibration models.NIRS technique was efficient in predicting gossypol content in intact cottonseeds,as revealed by the root-mean-square error of cross-validation(RMSECV),root-mean-square error of prediction(RMSEP),coefficient for determination of prediction(R_(p)^(2)),and residual predictive deviation(RPD)values for all models,being 0.05∼0.07,0.04∼0.06,0.82∼0.92,and 2.3∼3.4,respectively.The optimized model pretreated by Savitzky-Golay smoothing+standard normal variate+first derivate resulted in a good determination of gossypol content in intact cottonseeds.Conclusions:Near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with different spectral pretreatments and partial least squares(PLS)regression has exhibited the feasibility in predicting gossypol content in intact cottonseeds,rapidly and non destructively.It could be used as an alternative method to substitute for traditional one to determi ne the gossypol content in intact cottonseeds.
  • 摘要：Background: Cotton is an important commercial crop for being a valuable source of natural fiber.Its production has undergone a sharp decline because of abiotic stresses,etc.Drought is one of the major abiotic stress causing significant yield losses in cotton.However,plants have evolved self-defense mechanisms to cope abiotic factors like drought,salt,cold,etc.The evolution of stress responsive transcription factors such as the trihelix,a nodule-inception-like protein(NLP),and the late embryogenesis abundant proteins have shown positive response in the resistance improvement to several abiotic stresses.Results: Genome wide identification and characterization of the effects of Light-Harvesting Chloro a/b binding(LHC)genes were carried out in cotton under drought stress conditions.A hundred and nine proteins encoded by the LHC genes were found in the cotton genome,with 55,27,and 27 genes found to be distributed in Gossypium hirsutum,G.arboreum,and G.raimondii,respectively.The proteins encoded by the genes were unevenly distributed on various chromosomes.The Ka/Ks(Non-synonymous substitution rate/Synonymous substitution rate)values were less than one,an indication of negative selection of the gene family.Differential expressions of genes showed that majority of the genes are being highly upregulated in the roots as compared with leaves and stem tissues.Most genes were found to be highly expressed in MR-85,a relative drought tolerant germplasm.Conclusion: The results provide proofs of the possible role of the LHC genes in improving drought stress tolerance,and can be explored by cotton breeders in releasing a more drought tolerant cotton varieties.
  • 摘要：Oxidative stress occurs when crop plants are exposed to extreme abiotic conditions that lead to the excessive production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS).Those extreme abiotic conditions or stresses include drought,high temperature,heavy metals,salinity,and ultraviolet radiation,and they cause yield and quality losses in crops.ROS are highly reactive species found in nature that can attack plant organelles,metabolites,and molecules by interrupting various metabolic pathways until cell death occurs.Plants have evolved defense mechanisms for the production of antioxidants to detoxify the ROS and to protect the plant against oxidative damage.Modern researches in crop plants revealed that low levels of ROS act as a signal which induces tolerance to environmental extremes by altering the expression of defensive genes.In this review,we summarized the processes involved in ROS production in response to several types of abiotic stress in cotton plants.Furthermore,we discussed the achievements in the understanding and improving oxidative stress tolerance in cotton in recent years.Researches related to plant oxidative stresses have shown excellent potential for the development of stress-tolerant crops.
  • 摘要：Cotton production substantiated a crucial part in the escalating economic development of many countries.To realize the increasing global demand for cotton,the emphasis should be laid on to improve cotton fiber growth and production.The bioengineered transgenic cotton proved expedient in resolving inadequacies of conventional cotton,but still required improvements to encounter heightened demand of textile industries.One possible solution pertaining to this has been provided by nanoscience in the form of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles.These metal oxide nanoparticles have easy access to the various parts of cotton plants through its transportation system,and thus significantly influence several parameters relative to the growth and production of cotton fiber.This review summarizes the distribution and accumulation of metal oxide nanoparticles in cotton plant and its impact on different plant growth-promoting factors,which resulted in the improved cotton yields.
  • 摘要：Background:Sucking insect pests cause severe damage to cotton crop production.The development of insect resistant cotton cultivars is one of the most effective measures in curtailing the yield losses.Considering the role of morphological and biochemical host plant resista nee(HPR)traits in plant defense,12 cotton genotypes/varieties were evaluated for leaf area,leaf glanding,total soluble sugars,total soluble proteins,total phenolics,tannin and total flavonoids against fluctuating populations of whitefly,thrips and jassid under field conditions.Results:The population of these insects fluctuated during the growing seas on and remained above threshold level(whitefly>5,thrips>(8-10)f or jassid>1 per leaf)during late June and early July.Strong and negative association of whitefly(r=-0.825)and jassid(r=-0.929)with seed cotton yield was observed.Mean population of insects were the highest in Glandless-1 followed by NIA-82 and NIA-M30.NIAB-Kiran followed by NI AB-878 and Sadori were the most resistant,with the mean population of 1.41,1.60,1.66(whitefly);2.24,232,2.53(thrips)and 037,0.31,036(jassid),respectively.The resistant variety NIAB-Kiran showed less soluble sugars(8.54 mg.g^(-1)),soluble proteins(27.11 mg.g^(-1))and more phenolic(36.56 mg.g^(-1))and flavonoids(13.10mg.g^(-1))as compared with the susceptible check Glandless-1.Moreover,all insect populations were positively correlated with total soluble sugars and proteins.Whitefly populations exhibited negative response to leaf gossypol glands,total phenolics,tannins and flavonoids.The thrips and jassid populations had a significant and negative correlation with these four biochemical HPR traits.Conclusion:The ide ntified resistant resources and HPR traits can be deployed against sucking in sect pests'complex in future breeding programs of developing insect resistant cotton varieties.
  • 摘要：Background:Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)is grown for fiber and oil purposes in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world.Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton.It has a significant contribution in the GDP of Pakistan.Therefore,the present study was performed to assess the genetic variations and genetic diversity of yield and fiber quality traits in cotton and to analyze the associations present among them.Results:Analysis of variance exhibited significant variation for all studied traits except total number of nodes and the height to node ratio.The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all studied traits.Plant height,monopodial branches,total number of bolls,lint index,seed index,and seed cotton yield displayed high heritabilities in a broad sense with maximum genetic advanee.Correlation analysis revealed that seed cotton yield had a significant positive association with plant height,the nu mber of monopodial branches,the nu mber of sympodia I branches,ginning outturn(GOT),the number of bolls,seed per boll,seed index,uniformity index,the number of sympodial branches,reflectance,and seed index at the genotypic level while a significant positive relationship was observed with plant height,the number of sympodial branches,boll number,and GOT.Plant height,monopodial branches,GOT,boll weight,seeds per boll,and short fiber index exerted direct positive effects on seed cotton yield.The first 6 principal component analysis(PCs)out of the total fourteen PCs displayed eigenvalues(>1)and had maximum share to total variability(82.79%).The attributes that had maximum share to total divergence in eluded plant height,uniformity index,the nu mber of sympodial branches,seed per boll,GOT,seed cotton yield,and short fiber index.Conclusion:The genotype AA-802,IUB-13,FH-159,FH-458,and CIM-595 were genetically diverse for most of the yield and fiber quality traits and could be utilized for the selection of better performing genotypes for further improvement.
  • 摘要：Background:Cott on fibers are single-celled exte nsions of the seed epidermis,a model tissue for studying cytoskeleton.Tubulin genes play a critical role in synthesizing the microtubules(MT)as a core element of the cytoskeleton.However,there is a lack of studies concerning the systematic characterization of the tubulin gene family in cotton.Therefore,the identification and portrayal of G.hirsutum tubulin genes can provide key targets for molecular manipulation in cotton breeding.Result:In this study,we investigated all tubulin genes from different plant species and identified 98 tubulin genes in G.hirsutum.Phylogenetic an a lysis showed that tubulin family genes were classified into three subfamilies.The protein motifs and gene structure ofβ-tubulin genes are more conserved compared withγ-tubulin genes.Most tubulin genes are located at the proximate ends of the chromosomes.Spatiotemporal expression pattern by transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that 12α-tubulin andβ-tubulin genes are specifically expressed during different fiber development stages.However,Gh.A03G027200,Gh.D03G 169300,and Gh.A1lG258900 had differential expression patterns at distinct stages of fiber development in varieties JO2508 and ZRI015.Conclusion:In this study,the evol ut io nary an alysis showed that the tubulin genes were divided into three clades.The genetic structures and molecular functions were highly con served in different plants.Three candidate genes,Gh.A03G027200f Gh.D03G169300,and Gh.A11G258900 may play a key role during fiber development complementing fiber length and strength.
  • 摘要：Background:Pectin is a key substance involved in cell wall development,and the galacturonosyltransferases(GAUTs)gene family is a critical participant in the pectin synthesis pathway.Systematic and comprehensive research on GAUTs has not been performed in cotton.Analysis of the evolution and expression patterns of the GAUT gene family in different cotton species is needed to in crease kno wledge of the functi on of pectin in cotto n fiber development.Results:In this study,we have identified 131 GAUT genes in the genomes of four Gossypium species(G.raimondii,G barbadense,G.hirsutum,and G.arboreum),and classified them as GAUT-A,GAUT-B and GAUT-C,which coding probable galacturonosyltransferases.Among them,the GAUT genes encode proteins GAUT1 to GAUT15.All GAUT proteins except for GAUT7 contai n a con served glycosyl transferase family 8 domain(H-DN-A-SW-S-V-H-T-F).The conserved sequence of GAUT7 is PLN(phospholamban)02769 domain.According to c/s-elemet analysis,GAUT genes transcript levels may be regulated by horm ones such as JA,GA,SA,ABA,Me-JA,and IA A.The evoluti on and transcription patterns of the GAUT gene family in different cotton species and the transcript levels in upland cotton lines with different fiber st「ength were analyzed.Peak transcript level of GhGAUT genes have been observed before 15 DPA.In the six materials with high fiber strength,the transcription of GhGAUT genes were concentrated from 10 to 15 DPA;while the highest transcript levels in low fiber st「ength materials were detected between 5 and 10 DPA.These results lays the foundation for future research on gene function during cotton fiber development.Conclusions:The GAUT gene family may affect cotton fiber development,including fiber elongation and fiber thickening.In the low strength fiber lines,GAUTs mainly participate in fiber elongation,whereas their major effect on cotton with high strength fiber is related to both elongation and thickening.
  • 摘要：Introduction:Genome sequence plays an important role in both basic and applied studies.Gossypium raimondii,the putative contributor of the D subgenome of upland cotton(G.hirsutum,highlights the need to improve the genome quality rapidly and efficiently.Methods:We performed Hi-C sequencing of G.raimondii and reassembled its genome based on a set of new Hi-C data and previously published scaffolds.We also compared the reassembled genome sequenee with the previously published G raimondii genomes for gene and genome sequence collinearity.Result:A total of 9842%of scaffold sequences were clustered successfully,among which 99.72%of the clustered sequences were ordered and 99.92%of the ordered sequences were oriented with high-quality.Further evaluation of results by heat-map and collinearity analysis revealed that the current reassembled genome is significantly improved than the previous one(Nat Genet 44:98-1103,2012).Conclusion:This improvement in G raimondii genome not only provides a better reference to increase study efficiency but also offers a new way to assemble cotton genomes.Furthermore,Hi-C data of G.raimondii may be used for 3D structure research or regulating analysis.
  • 摘要：ZAT(Zinc Finger of Arabidopsis thaliana)proteins are composed of a plant-specific transcription factor family,which play an important role in plant growth,development,and stress resista nee.To study the potential function of ZAT family in cotton,the whole genome identification,expression,and structure analysis of ZAT gene family were carried out.In this study,our analysis revealed the presenee of 115Z 56,59,and 115 ZAT genes in Gossypium hirsutum,G raimondii,G.arboreum and G barbadense,respectively.According to the number of domains and phylogenetic characteristics,we divided ZAT genes of four Gossypium species into 4 different clades,and further divided them into 11 subfamilies.The results of collinearity an alysis showed that segmental duplicati on was the main method to amplify the cotton ZAT genes family.Analysis of c/s-elements of promoters indicated that most GhZAT genes contained c/5-elements related to plant hormones and abiotic stress.According to heatmap analysis,the expression patterns of GhZAT genes under different stresses indicated that GhZAT genes were significantly involved in the response to cold,heat,salt,and PEG stress,possibly through different mechanisms.Among the highly expressed genes,we cloned a G hirsutum gene GhZAT67.Through virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS),we found that its expression level decreased significantly after being sileneed.Under alkaline treatment,the wilting degree of silenced plants was even greater than the wild type,which proved that GhZAT67 gene was involved in the response to alkaline stress.

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