摘要：Optionality,defined as the coexistence of two or more variants of a given construction,has been investigated in second language studies.Following the notion of optionality,this study defines the Mandarin ba-construction and its corresponding non-ba-forms as optional variants to examine Cantonese-speaking learners’acquisition of Mandarin.We designed an elicited production task and an acceptability judgement task to test the disposal and locational displacement types of the ba-construction,and invited Cantonese learners and Mandarin native speakers to attend the experiments.The Cantonese learners,like learners with other language backgrounds,produced fewer ba-sentences compared with native speakers,but the Cantonese learners produced much more ba-sentences than learners with other language backgrounds and were aware of the constraints on the ba-construction,which is probably due to the existence of the similar zoeng-construction in Cantonese.Although at an advanced level,the performance of the Cantonese learners diverged from that of the native speakers in both the production and the judgement,which demonstrates the existence of optionality in the Cantonese learners’interlanguage grammars.
摘要：This study analyzed a linguistic landscape,which is a relatively recent development in sociolinguistic research committed to the investigation of the visual manifestations of the relationships observed between language or semiosis and society in the public space.There has been less attention on the semiotic interpretations in the public environments despite the ubiquitous nature of such signs in Ethiopia.This study intends to fill this gap through Semiotic Landscape research.By means of mixed methods,qualitative and quantitative,it aims to discover the contestations in the Linguistic Landscape(LL,henceforth)of selected urban environments in Oromia.The study employed a theoretical concept of geosemiotics from social semiotics as an analytical tool.Visual data consisting of 1275 photographs of signs were collected from the main streets of Adama,Jimma and Sebeta towns from different domains of sign using bodies.Besides,data were collected through in-depth interviews with major LL actors,selected based on purposive sampling technique.The analysis demonstrated that some top-down and most of bottom-up signs showed varieties of multilingual practices,contestations,identity constructions and other related social concerns.The absence of a clear policy on language use on signs at both federal and regional levels has resulted in contestations.
摘要：The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kinship terms have different degrees of distinction in the following six dimensions:paternal and maternal,age,gender,the lineal and the collateral,consanguinity and affinity,users and use occasions.The unique use rules of Thai kinship terms reflect Thai people’s concept of the distinctions between superiority and inferiority,seniors and juniors,intimacy and estrangement.In addition,Thai kinship terms reflect the marriage form that the Thais have experienced,and also reflect Thai people’s ethnic cognitive orientation of experience familiarity,cognitive distance and metaphorical thinking.
摘要：This study aims to find the compound registers that are used among the Farm-Centre cell-phone marketers,analyse their compounding morphological structures,and explain the meaning they convey.The Farm-Centre Cell-phone Market is located in Kano metropolis,the largest city of Northern Nigeria.The study employs an ethnographic method of data collection and adopts Abubakar(2000)as a model of approach when analysing the structures of the compound registers.It is found that the registers have the following six morphological compound structures:(i)Genitive-based compounds[LG+N]N,(ii)Noun-based compounds[N+GL+N]N,(iii)Adjective-based compounds[Adj+N]N,(iv)Diminutive-based compounds[Dim+N]N,(v)Particle dà‘with’compounds[dà+N]N,(vi)Verb-based compounds[V+VN/Prep]V.Moreover,the registers are so special among the marketers because they convey meanings that are irrelevant to the conventional meanings known by the general speakers of the Hausa language.
摘要：Whether meaning is arbitrary or motivated remains a matter of unsettled linguistic debate.The main purpose of this discussion is to bring to linguistic attention the level of motivation in EkeGusii,a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo family spoken in Kenya,using onomatopoeic infinitives and nouns,and to attest that meaning is considerably iconic.It does not look convenient to classify onomatopes under ideophones.Imagic iconicity plays a central role in the two word classes,though imagic and relative iconicity intersect in cacophonous,reduplicative,and inherently onomatopoeic nouns.In EkeGusii,onomatopes are either explicit or implicit.It becomes clear that onomatopoeia acquires a metaphorical function in certain idiomatic expressions in EkeGusii.
摘要：This study reports on Yami existential,possessive and locative constructions,regarding the issues on(i)two‘HAVE’structures,(ii)Definiteness Effect(DE)and(iii)an analysis of small clause,in terms of a formal syntactic approach.Compared with Formosan languages,Yami syntactically shows the differences based on two‘HAVE’structures.Besides,it is also proved that Definiteness Effect in Yami differs from that in other Formosan languages,such as Bunun language.Finally,this study also argues that the existential verb amian/abo‘existot exist’in Yami selects a small clause as its complement,representing a relative clause.
摘要：This paper explores the nature of the post-syntactic operations responsible for the representations of the linear order of terminal nodes.In particular,it argues in favor of a unified model of the morphosyntax and morphophonology,wherein the theory of Distributed Morphology and Optimality Theory operate in a single module.The testing ground is an investigation of the formation of morphological causatives in Moroccan Arabic.Herein,the process of realizing causatives is morphological gemination,whereby the second consonant of the root is doubled.Investigating the question of what triggers the infixal process,I argue against the linearization algorithm suggested in Embick&Noyer(2001),Embick&Marantz(2008),and Embick(2006,2010).Instead,the claim I defend here is that the onus of the linearization process falls on the prosody in Arabic,the central assumption being that the morphosyntactic structure,the output of the syntactic derivation,is the input to OT morphophonological constraints.These constraints are responsible for the linearization of the terminal nodes of the syntactic derivation.I show that adopting one theory over others misses important generalizations about the language.
摘要：This research analyses compound verbs in Igbo,using construction morphology theory.It seeks to identify compound verbs,analyse them using schemata structures,ascertain the structures and behaviours of tones,and examine some inflected forms of compound verbs in Igbo language.The study adopts a descriptive method of data analysis to examine data collected through oral interviews,introspections(which are confirmed by two native speakers)and those obtained from journals and textbooks.The research discovers that some compound verbs do not obey the vowel harmony rule,and through the aid of the schema,it is observed that some transformational processes have occurred before a surface compound verb is formed.According to the findings,tones also play a distinctive role in Igbo compound verbs.The research recommends further research in this area,to account for other aspects of compound verbs in Igbo that the current study could not cover.
摘要：This paper examines the early acquisition of null subjects and overt subjects and how they are distributed and realized in the early speech of Arabic dialect-speaking children.①The study accounts for the phenomenon of subjects by examining a longitudinal corpus of two children,Wala and Ibraheem,who were around two years old,speaking Yemeni Ibbi Arabic(YIA)dialect.The production and elicited production data collection methods were used in the study to collect the corpus during five months.The results of the study showed that null-subjects appear with a high proportion compared to the overt subjects.It was found that null subjects and overt subjects in the speech of Ibraheem and Wala had a similar distribution in the imperfective and the perfective,of which 86-87%are null subjects and 12-14%are overt subjects.The paper examined the widespread linguistic phenomenon of Null Subject Parameter acquisition,(Rizzi,1982;Hyams,1986,1989)that is emergence of null subjects in line with overt subjects.The paper supports Hyam’s(1982)argument on the acquisition of Null Subject Parameter where we can find children acquire null subjects early around 2 years of age.In contrast to non-null subject languages(like English),Null Subject Languages(NSLs)like Arabic happen to have null subjects appear more frequently and this is due to the rich inflectional morphology of NSLs.
摘要：Editorial policy:Macrolnguisties(ISSN 1934-5755,e-ISSN 2473-6376)is an international academic jourmal which is specialized in research papers of non-Indo-European linguistics.It aims at contributing to the complementarity and interaction of linguistic research worldwide.
摘要：This paper aims at investigating the morphophonological make-up of derived causatives in Moroccan Arabic within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince &Smolensky, 2004). Causative verbs in MA are characterized by the systematic gemination of their medial consonants. However, it is not easy to determine the morphological nature of the causative morpheme involved in this derivation. Also, it is not clearly known why the causative morpheme gets realized exactly on the second segment of the base form.Therefore, we seek to achieve the following goals. First, we intend to determine the nature of the causative morpheme. Second, we aim to explain why the causative morpheme is realized on the second segment of the base form. In this respect, we show that the causative morpheme is represented by a featureless consonantal mora that targets the second segment of the base root, turning it into a geminate. We also show that the causative morpheme gets infixed thanks to the privileged status of root-initial segments.
摘要：This paper discusses the structure and hierarchy of sentence-endings in Tibetan language. Tibetan sentence-endings are hierarchical. They can be divided into two levels from the perspectives of structure, distribution and expressive function. The first level comes after the predicate or verb phrase, indicating the category of tense/aspect/mood(TAM). The second level, which follows a self-sufficient sentence, mainly expresses the meaning of the speaker’s hint, inference, evaluation and attitude to the information. Each level includes several different types of endings, which act on different syntactic categories or manifest different degrees of subjectivity. The lower the degree of correlation between the endings and the information of the self-sufficient sentence is, the higher the corresponding semantic category and the speaker’s subjective participation are. Some lower-level endings can also express the grammatical meaning of the higher level in certain context with increasing subjectivity.
摘要：Ideophones are a particular lexical class of expressive words depicting perceptual events or states, and are said to be a universal or near-universal feature of language (Dingemanse, 2012:655;Kilian-Hatz, 2001:163). This paper presents an overview of Ẹdo ideophones to characterize them in terms of their occurrence in grammatical syntactic frames. It in vestigates what sets them apart within word classes inẸdo and how they differ from their non-ideophonic counterparts in sentential constructions.The Basic Linguistic Theory was adopted as the method for data analysis. This was done to show how ideophones manifest syntactically in the language. Ideophones appear in copular frames with some verbs in the language, especially the verb ‘to be’. This paper concludes that Ẹdo ideophones do not occur pre-nominally in the language.
摘要：This paper examines semelfactivity in the Igbo language. It seeks to highlight semelfactive verbs and other semelfactive sentential elements. The data for the study were obtained through introspection which were confirmed by two native speakers of Igbo and were analysed descriptively. From the study, it was discovered that the semelfactive verbs in Igbo that co-occur with bound verb complements for emphasis are takwu ‘whisper’, lo‘swallow’, nwụ ‘die’ and hụpe ‘glimpse’ whereas kọ ‘scratch’, tabi ‘blink’, ze ‘sneeze’, kụ‘knock’, ti ‘shout’, wuli ‘jump’ (wu ‘jump’. -li ‘upward’ as opposed to wuda ‘jump downwards)’, gba ‘kick’, nyụ ‘fart’ and kwa ‘cough’ that take inherent complement verbs.The research also revealed that na mberede ‘suddenly’ and na ntabi anya ‘in a twinkle of an eye’ are semelfactive adverbials in the Igbo language. Based on the findings, the paper concludes that in Igbo, semelfactivity entails a one-time action and a spontaneous or instantaneous action.
摘要：This paper examined variation in Onko dialect using the family tree model and the corresponding comparative method as the theoretical tool. A wordlist of basic items and a designed frame technique were used to gather data for this study. The data were presented in tables and the analyses were done through descriptive statistics. The data were analyzed to determine variation at the phonological, syntactic and lexical levels. The study revealed differences between Standard Yoruba and Onko dialect as well as the variation therein. Two basic factors discovered to be responsible for variations in Onko are geography(distribution of Onko communities) and language contact. The paper established that Onko exhibits variations, which are however not significant enough to disrupt mutual intelligibility among the speakers, and thus all the varieties remain a single dialect.
摘要：This study compares the phonology of Konso, Diraytata and Mosittacha languages which belong to the Konsoid subgroup in the Lowland East Cushitic family. The aim is to identify and describe the phonological similarities and differences that exist among these languages. The classification of the languages’ sound systems, gemination,phonotactics and syllable structures are carried out in order to determine the major pattern of differences and similarities. Some major sound changes are discovered and the merger of voiced obstruents into voiceless counterparts is another major finding observed in these languages.
摘要：Writing as a productive skill is challenging for the learners as it requires rich linguistic and cognitive abilities to match words with ideas well. A learner of any language as Second Language (SL), for example English, Arabic, Chinese, or German, enters an early, natural, and inevitable stage of making various errors in writing compositions. The errors could be due to dissimilar linguistic systems of the two languages (L1 and L2) or the lack of understanding the SL linguistic rules. This study focuses on investigating the frequent and common inter-lingual errors (the negative influence) committed by Arabic-speaking learners of English as Second Language (ESL). The study is based on Error Analysis (EA) of the essays of a group of English major undergraduate students from the University of Bisha, Al-Namas, Saudi Arabia. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)is included to predict most of the errors in the collected samples. The findings of the study show that common errors in the data are interlingual (54.03%). The errors within the Grammatical Category include the misuse of tenses, dropping the subjects, dropping verb to be-copular and word order misplacement. The majority of errors in the study are due to the interference of L1 linguistic system including the different orthographic, phonological,morpho-syntactic components. For instance, the participants’ dropping subjects in English can be attributed to the fact that Arabic as L1 and as Null Subject Language (NSL), unlike English, allows subject drop. The results also find that within the Lexical Category,preposition and article errors are the most frequent errors and that spelling errors are the most dominant errors within the Mechanics Category. The study gives some pedagogical implications and suggestions to avoid and minimize the interlingual errors of such type. For instance, teachers need to focus more on enlightening their students about the contrastive language systems from the early stage of learning ESL.
摘要：The complexity of the Moroccan language landscape sparks off a power struggle between languages. The focus in this chapter is on the apparent French/English language contest over supremacy. Here comes the current investigation that aims at gauging Moroccan’s perceptions of French and English through a language questionnaire.Responses were subjected to statistical analyses to support or reject the hypothesis that gender, age and language proficiency affect Moroccans’ evaluations of French and English.The study reveals that Moroccans’ attitudes towards English are significantly more favorable than those towards the French language. Age, but not gender, has turned out to have a statistically significant difference in the overall evaluation of French and English.These evaluations have also been shown to correlate with the respondents’ French and English language proficiency. The result of this study is an indication that Moroccans’attitudes toward French and English are undergoing a change from a conventional preference for French to a recent favor of English whose phenomenal growth globally may have affected language attitudes locally.
摘要：This paper aims to make it clear that syntactic analysis should be based on the lexical information given in the lexicon.For this purpose,lexical information of the syntactic argument is to be taken the form like[VP NKP,_,DKP,AKP]for the ditransitive verb give in English.The argument structure projects to syntactic structure.The NKP in this structure becomes VP-subject,but there is another subject called S-subject(Sentence-Subject)below S node.This amounts to Two-Subject Hypothesis for English.Between these two subjects,there intervene Conjugation-Like Elements,enriched by close examination of English verbal conjugation.Two-Subject Hypothesis perfectly accounts for peculiarities of the Expletive There(ET)construction.Restructuring can also explain the so-called Long Distance Wh-interrogative without introducing Wh-movement,and it can also explain why the imperative verbs are taking the base forms.It can also explain the characteristics of adjective imperatives by the same principles as applied to verbal imperatives.We try to deal with the other subtle problems,to get fruitful results.Restructuring approach,we think,provides more convincing explanations than the movement one.
摘要：SOOAs refer to the phenomenon that the state adjective in the adverbial position is semantically associated with the object.In this paper this fact will be accounted for by invoking the properties of a pre-syntactic level of semantic representation and its interplay with syntax proper.It will be argued that the object-oriented adverbial is not derived from the attributive;in effect,it is base-generated in the complement position.A model of projection of arguments that allows for this will be proposed.It will be shown that the other special properties of SOOAs follow from the way the verb’s object and complement are represented at the pre-syntactic level.In particular,it will be shown that the underlying structure must satisfy both the requirement of the syntactic system and the requirement of the semantic system.The presence of any symbol in a representation is conditional.The theta-roles of internal arguments are assigned by the predicate,which is locally constrained,whereas the theta-roles of external arguments are assigned by the maximal projection of the predicate,viz.VP.When an external argument occurs,there is an empty predicate position in the representation,for there is an asymmetry between the conceptual system and the syntactic system.Derivation involves Move-αand Generalized Transformation.Different use of derivation methods gives rise to various forms of constructions in Chinese.Similarly,different semantic orientations result from different distributions.The state adjective is base-generated in the position behind the object because its nature is to serve the function of the complement of the object.It co-occurs with the object in the embedded VP because they are closely related to each other in terms of semantics.There is no overt predicate between the object and the state adjective.The state adjective occurs in other positions,which is the result of movement.Movement falls into two types,viz.object movement and state adjective movement.Object movement is prior to state adjective movement.In order to satisfy the requirement of feature checking,the object moves to the position NP.Then the state adjective moves to the major predicate and merges with it so as to maintain its semantic association with the state adjective and to serve the function of the complement.It follows that the difference between Chinese SOOAs and English as well as German SOOAs lies in the distance of movement of state adjectives.In Chinese,there are causative markers,resultative markers,and manner markers that can license the state adjective in the landing sites and help to maintain its semantic association with the object while in English and German there are no such markers.As a consequence,the object in Chinese-type SOOAs does not move while the state adjective moves out of the embedded VP to the empty verb position where the manner marker is inserted.The major predicate moves to the same position and merges with the newly-formed syntactic object ADJ-MANN.Furthermore,Chinese-type SOOAs allow the state adjective to precede the major predicate as the manner marker can license the state adjective.In contrast,in English-type SOOAs,neither the state adjective nor the object moves.Moreover,English-type SOOAs do not allow the state adjective to come before the major predicate because there is no manner marker to license it.
摘要：The present paper explores the special behavior of geminate consonants in Moroccan Arabic vis-á-vis short consonants and consonant clusters.By way of comparison,it is shown that geminates exhibit properties that are reminiscent of both unit structures and cluster structures.In particular,we reveal that geminates in MA demonstrate an inconsistent behavior in relation to the process of schwa epenthesis.In this context,we ask whether geminates get split up in MA,and when and how that happens.In order to characterize the patterning of geminates in MA,different phonological representations of geminates are examined against the variable behavior of geminates.On this basis,it is eventually suggested that geminates should be depicted as two root nodes that are underlyingly associated with a mora at the prosodic level.
摘要：This paper mainly presents evidence for a relationship between language structure and meaning in EkeGusii,a Bantu language spoken in Kenya.The main argument is that the structure of language mirrors the structure of reality.A brief overview of other scholars demonstrates that diagrammatic iconicity shows universal tendencies.Five main ideas run down the discussion.Firstly,in EkeGusii,speakers sub-consciously cluster sounds around related meanings,evidencing gestalt and relative iconicity.Secondly,there is evidence of overlap of morphological and phonetic iconicity,an aspect of phonaesthesia.Thirdly,reduplication in certain infinitives demonstrates the reality of phono-iconicity in EkeGusii,augmented by unpleasant sound sequences.Fourthly,certain onomatopes in EkeGusii are actually diagrammatic,indicating that there is no one stop criterion for classifying overlapping types of icons.And finally,the paper posits that iconicity intersects with arbitrariness showing that language has both motivated and discrete symbols.
摘要：This work interrogates why certain real-world events that meet criteria for being considered causative events cannot be expressed using Hupa’s morphological or syntactic causative constructions,but must be encoded using one of two periphrastic constructions in which the Causer or cause is not marked as an argument.Based on fieldwork with a native speaker,I probe into these two periphrastic constructions in depth,accounting for their distributions through an appeal to Næss’s(2007)account of semantic transitivity.
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