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植物生理与分子生物学学报

植物生理与分子生物学学报

本学报是我国刊载植物生理学科方面的权威性刊物，具有很高的学术地位。历年来该刊的影响因子和总被引次数均名列前矛，全国生物类期刊中排名第4位。1998、1999两年被SCI CDE引用29次，收录我刊的国...
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植物生理与分子生物学学报 >2008年第1期

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  • 摘要：Roots of fifteen-day-old grass peaseedlings were treated with PEGand then theleaves were used as material. Changes in activ-ities of catalase and peroxidase, and hydrogenperoxide and β-N-oxalyl-α, β-diaminopropi-onic acid (ODAP) contents during PEG treat-ment, were assayed. The results indicated thatduring PEG treatment, activities of peroxidaseand catalase decreased ( Fig. 3 ), and hydrogenperoxide ( Fig. 2 ) and ODAP content ( Fig. 1 )increased greatly. Diethyldithiocarbamate or a-minotriazole strongly decreased or increased re-spectively the H2O2 content ( Fig. 2 ). Whilethe accumulation of ODAP was decreasedmarkedly by diethyldithiocarbamate, it was in-creased significantly by aminotriazole ( Fig. 1 ).Therefore, we suggest that the accumulation ofODAP might be related to the increase in H2O2content under osmotic stress.%用PEG经根部处理15d龄的山黧豆幼苗，取幼苗叶片为实验材料，测定过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢(H2O2)和毒素(β-N-oxalyl-α，β-diaminopropionicacid，ODAP)的含量。结果表明，随着PEG处理时间的延长，POD和CAT活性降低，而H2O2和ODAP含量显著升高；在PEG处理液中加入二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠(diethyldithiocarbamate，DDC)和氨基三唑(aminotriazole，AT)后分别抑制和促进H2O2的产生，DDC可降低叶片中ODAP的含量，AT则使ODAP积累。由此我们推测，水分胁迫条件下活性氧代谢与ODAP的积累有关。
  • 摘要：Structural genes of hup, hupSL, iso lated from Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum in a 5.9-kb Hind Ⅲ fragment, were subcloned into the vector plasmid pKT230, and a chimeric plasmid pKH1 was obtained ( Fig. 1 ). Partitioning genes parDE and hupSL were subcloned into vector plasmid pRK415, resulting in plasmid pRKBH (Fig. 2). Then the plasmids were mobilized into strains of E. coli DHS, Enterobacter cloacae El201, K. oxyoca NG13 (wild type)and NG1390 (nifAc genotype) by triparentalmating using the helper pRK2013, and DH5α/pHRll, DH5α/pRKBH, E1201/pKH1, NG13/pKH1(NGH999) ,NG1390/pRK415, NG1390/pHRll, NG1390/pRKBH and NG1390/pKH1( NGH982 ) were obtained. The resulting transconjugants were analyzed for plasmid stability (Fig. 3 ). Plasmid pKH1 was found to have high stability in its host K. oxytoca. High levels of H2-uptake hydrogenase activity and nitrogen-fixing efficiency relative to the wild type were observed in the two transconjugants NGH999 and NGH982 (Table 2 and Fig. 4).The increase was more remarkable in a medium with low sucrose content (Fig. 4). Transconjugant NGH982 showed partially derepressional expression of nitrogenase in the presence of ammonium ( Fig. 5 ).%以质粒pKT230为栽体，亚克隆大豆根瘤菌吸氢酶结构基因(hupSL)片段，构建成嵌合质粒pKH1。将质粒分配系统基因(parDE)片段和吸氢酶结构基因(hup)片段插入载体质粒pRK415，构建成质粒pRKBH。质粒pKH1、pRKBH和载体pRK415经转化和三亲本杂交，得到DH5α/pHR11、DH5α/pRKBH、E1201/pKH1、NG13/pKH1(NGH999)、NG1390/pRK415、NG1390/pHR11、NG1390/pRKBH和NG1390/pKH1(NGH982)等接合子。稳定性分析发现，质粒pKH1在催娩克氏杆茵中传80代后仍有92％以上的菌株含此质粒，说明质粒pKH1有较高的稳定性。吸氢酶活性分析表明，H2诱导接合子NGH999和NGH982吸氢酶活性高表达，同时固氮效率和固氮酶活性也高。低碳源浓度更有利于接合子吸氢酶活性的表达和固氮效率的提高。接合子NGH982具有耐铵的基因，因此其固氮酶活性的表达有部分去铵阻遏的作用。
  • 摘要：以大豆幼苗初生叶为材料研究了衰老过程中质膜蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态和催化活性的变化。结果发现质膜上一个57kD的蛋白激酶分子上有多个自磷酸化位点，而且自磷酸化反应能提高该酶催化组蛋白H1磷酸化的激酶活力。进一步的研究表明诱导衰老处理造成的57kD蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态的变化，可能对调节它在衰老过程中催化活性的变化起重要作用；而外源6-BA预处理则能够维持57kD蛋白激酶体内高自磷酸化状态，保持该激酶在衰老过程中的催化活力。对衰老和6-BA处理过程中质膜上39和47kD蛋白激酶自磷酸化状态变化的研究表明，这两种激酶可能参与大豆叶片对6-BA刺激信号的传导和/或应答反应过程。%Here we report an experimental system in volving soybean primaryleaves which are highly sensi tive to senescence-inducing treatment (ST) and exog enous 6-BA application for the study of the mechanism of the retardation of leaf senescence. By using a modified method suggested by Ferrell and Martin (1991)for detecting autophosphorylation activity of protein kinases, as well as by using a protocol of in vitro rephosphorylation of the samples with unlabelled ATP,we studied the possible effect of autophosphorylation on catalytic activity of protein kinases associated with plasma membrane of soybean primary leaves. The results suggested that there were multiple sites on a 57kD calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) molecule for utophosphorylation and that autophosphorylation could improve its catalytic activity in phosphorylating histone H1. ST-induced changes in in vivo autophosphorylation status of the 57 kD CDPK may play an important role in regulating its catalytic activity during leaf senescence, and 6-BA pretreatment may make the high catalytic activity of this kinase longlasting. The effect of 6-BA application on ST-induced changes of utophosphorylation activity of a 39 kD and a 47 kD protein kinases implied involvement of these two kina ses in cytokinin stimulus/response cascade system.
  • 摘要：he sequence was determined from a PCR product, which was ligated to pBluescriptSK ( + ) vecter (named as pSN), from the chloroplast genomic DNA of Brassica napus (Oilseed rape) cv.
  • 摘要：In tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.. Gansu Yellow Flower) callus,addition of exogenous 1O2 in- duced a pronounced increase in the operation activity of alternative respiratory pathway without affecting its capacity. The operation activity of alternative pathway activated by1O2can be abolished by its scavenger (His). Exogenous -OH diminished the operation ac- tivity and capacity of alternative pathway, which could be recovered by the addition of ·OH scaven- gers, such as DMSO or MAN.? These observations suggest that1O2is involved in some way in the activa- ting the alternative pathway, but not in the induction of the capacity of alternative pathway; but ·OH can suppress both the actual operation activity and capaci- ty of alternative pathway remarkably.e deduced that 1O2 and ·OH might affect the alternative pathway by regulating the activity of the alternative oxidase.%外源1O2和·OH处理继代培养14d的烟草愈伤组织24h后，愈伤组织内的交替途径的实际运行显著上升，但对交替途径容量影响不大；而经·OH处理后的愈伤组织交替途径容量和实际运行均明显地受到抑制，但交替途径的实际运行对·OH更加敏感。活性氧产生系统中加入相关清除剂进行实验，得到与此相对应的结果：1O2的清除剂His处理能明显地降低或抑制1O2所增加的交替途径实际运行量，但对交替途径容量则几乎均无影响，而用·OH的清除剂DMSO和MAN分别处理愈伤组织后，DMSO和MAN均能解除·OH对交替途径容量和实际运行的抑制。这些结果表明，1O2诱导烟草愈伤组织交替途径的实际运行，但对其容量的作用不大，而·OH则明显地抑制交替途径容量和实际运行。推测1O2和·OH对抗氰途径的影响可能是通过对AOX活性的调节。
  • 摘要：Ethionine-resistant cultures were isolated by screening seedlingsfor ethionine-tolerance and selecting the calluses on an ethionine-containing medium. The selected calluses exhibited higher I50 and higher relative amount of growth in the presence of ethionine. Among the products of aspartate pathway,methionine, isoleucine and lysine each had a content twice as high as that in the control calluses, but threonine remained the same content. Unexpectedly, tyrosine, cysteine and leucine contents increased too,however valine content decreased in selected calluses.These results suggest that the presence of ethionine might have caused the alteration of more than one enzyme in the biosynthesis of amino acids in the selected calluses. New isoenzyme forms, 44 kD superoxide dismutase and 45 kD esterase, were found in the selected callus.%用乙硫氨酸为筛选剂，通过幼苗和组织培养筛选得到乙硫氨酸抗性愈伤组织。该愈伤组织在含乙硫氨酸的培养基上表现出较高的半抑制剂量和相对生长量。作为天门冬氨酸途径的产物，甲硫氨酸、异亮氨酸和赖氨酸在所筛选的愈伤组织中分别增加到对照的两倍多，但苏氨酸保持正常水平，另外酪氨酸、半胱氨酸和亮氨酸也有所增加，而在所筛选的愈伤组织中缬氨酸浓度却下降。说明在所筛选愈伤组织中存在一个以上与氨基酸合成相关的酶发生改变。同工酶分析表明，该愈伤组织中出现对照中没有的分子量为44kD的超氧化物歧化酶和分子量为45kD的酯酶谱带。
  • 摘要：Phosphate starvation increased the activity of PM H+-ATPase fromtomato seedlings and enhanced the extrusion of H + from the roots of the seedlings (Figs. 1,2). Kinetic analysis of the PM H+-ATPase from the roots of tomato seedlings showed that phosphate starvation obviously Iowered the Km value,which indicated that phosphate starvation increased the affinity of the enzyme to its substrate, but had no significant effect on the Vmax value of the enzyme (Fig.4). In addition, phosphate starvation did not alter the optimum pH ( i. e. , 6.5 ) of the ATPase ( Fig. 3 ).Vanadate, a specific inhibitor of PM H+-ATPase,strongly inhibited not only phosphate uptake (Table3 ) but also PM ATPase activity from (Table 2) and H+-extrusion (Table 1 ) by the roots of tomato seedlings. These results demonstrated that the PM H +-ATPase is involved in the induction of high-affinity phosphate transport systems by phosphate starvation.%磷饥饿提高了番茄幼苗质膜H+-ATP酶活性并促进了番茄幼苗根部的H+分泌。动力学分析表明，磷饥饿使番茄幼苗根部质膜H+-ATP酶的Km值明显降低，亦即提高了该酶对其底物的亲和力，但对该酶的Vmax影响不大。另外，磷饥饿并不改变ATP酶的最适pH值(最适pH值为6.5)。钒酸盐显著抑制番茄幼苗根部质膜ATP酶的活性以及H+分泌，也显著抑制番茄幼苗的Pi吸收。与对照相比，上述抑制作用在饥饿处理的植物中表现得更强。以上结果表明，磷饥饿时高亲和性Pi传递系统的诱导很可能包含质膜H+-ATP酶的参与。
  • 摘要：@@2000年《植物生理报》审稿人名单rn　　本刊2000年来稿由以下专家审查。公布本名单(按姓氏拼音为序)以表示衷心的感谢。
  • 摘要：研究了不同金粉用量对小麦幼胚瞬间及稳定转化频率的影响，结果表明此实验系统的金粉用量以每枪500μg金粉为佳。对获得的T0及T1代植株的PCR及Southern分析证实了外源bar基因片段已经稳定整合至小麦基因组中；对T1代植株的L-PPT涂抹实验表明转化植株对该除草剂的抗性水平较低；分析了T0、T1及T2代植株的表型特征，结果表明T0代植株生长矮小、结实率低等表型方面的异常很可能只是一种由于生理及栽培原因所导致的暂时现象。%Effects of gold particle amount per bombardment (30, 100, 250,500 μg) on transient and stable transformation of immature wheat embryos, were studied. And 500 μg gold particle per bombardment is superior to others both in GUS transient expression and transgenic plant production (Fig. 2). PCR and Southern analyses of T0 and Tt plants confirmed the integration of foreign bar gene fragments into wheat genomes (Figs. 5～7). Tt plants smeared with L-PPT 200 mg/L showed a lowlevel of resistance to this herbicide (Plate Ⅰd). The comparison of phenotypic character of To, T1, T2 and their control plants showed that the phenotype abnormality of To plants is only a temporary phenomenon due to physiological and cultivated conditions, and the plants will recover from this abnormality partially or fully in the following progenes (Table 2 and Plate Ⅰ-e).
  • 摘要：Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a com monly used tool in plantgenetic transformation. However, in selective medium, both cefotaxime and carbenicillin, antibiotics for eliminating Agrobacterium cells, showed plant hormonelike effects on plant tissues, and can both influence the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by reducing the regeneration efficiency of infected plants. In order to overcome this obstacle, a modified kanamycin-resistant gene was designed. A plant intron was introduced into the N-terminal part of the kanamycine coding sequence ( Fig. 4). In transgenic plants the intron is spliced efficiently, giving rise to kanamycin-resistant activity. Due to the lack of a splicing apparatus, no kanamycin-resistant activity was detected in agrobacteria containing this gene. The differentiation frequency of kanamycin-resistant buds and the ratio of transformants with GUS activity in kana mycin-resistant buds were analyzed in the pres ence of different concentration of kanamycin and carbenicillin. Interestingly, The differenti ation frequency of kanamycin-resistant buds was increased significantly when carbenicillin 500 mg/L was added in the selective culture medium( Table 1 ). However, the percentage of transformant with GUS activity was only 26.7%, much lower than that in medium containing no-carbenicillin. The percentage of transformants with GUS activity was increased as the concentration of kanamycin increased from 50 mg/L to 200 mg/L ( Table 2 ). From these results, it can be concluded that the intron-kanamycin gene can be used as an appropriated gene in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.%农杆菌介导法是植物基因转化的常用方法，然而由于筛选培养基中常用的抗生素头孢霉素和羧苄青霉素具有类植物激素活性，影响外植体的再生和转化频率。将一个植物的内含子插入卡那霉素抗性基因编码区的N端，合成了一个带内含子的卡那霉素抗性基因。构建带该基因的植物双元表达栽体pYP1202并转化烟草，受侵外植体在含卡那霉素50～200mg/L的选择培养基中抗性芽分化频率不受卡那霉素浓度影响，然而具有GUS活性的转化子占分化芽的比例却随着卡那霉素浓度的增加而升高。当培养基中加入500mg/L羧苄青霉素后受侵外植体产生的抗性芽频率比单一的卡那霉素筛选提高近1倍，高达91.4％，然而具GUS活性的转化子占抗性芽的比例仅有26.7％，在200m/L的卡那霉素筛选下，比例升至93.3％。用带内含子卡那霉素抗性基因构建的植物表达载体转化植物可以减少假抗性芽的产生。
  • 摘要：从初花期大豆植株茎基部引入不同浓度碘乙酰胺(iodoacetamide，IA)，叶片光合速率(Pn)受到不同程度的抑制，2h强光照射后抑制效应更加明显，O-2积累，置弱光下5h后色素大量降解。于晴天上午用IA喷雾处理大豆植株，一天中叶片Pn日变化由双峰型转变成单峰型(对照Pn呈双峰型)，光呼吸受到严重抑制，表观量子效率下降，Fo升高和Fy/Fin、Fy/F0降低的幅度均大于对照；单独喷雾没食子酸丙酯(n-pro-pylgallate，PG)或与IA共同喷雾处理大豆，O-2产率虽有所降低，但午间强光下叶片光合效率和光能转化效率无明显改善。推测田间自然强光条件下大豆通过Mehler反应耗散过剩光能防御光破坏的作用很有限。%Studies on roles of Mehler reaction in dissipating excess lightenergy in soybean leaves treated by iodoacetamide (IA, inhibitor of photosynthetic carbon assimilation) and npropyl gallate ( PG, O-2 scavenger) were conducted through analyzing the changes in gas exchange parameters, fluorescence parameters,chlorophyll content and O-1 production rate.The results were as follows: (1) hotosynthetic rates (Pn) were inhibited to different degree in leaves treated with IA fed through petioles.In the same treatments under 2 h exposure of strong light, the inhibitory effects were more evident (Table 1 ), O-2 production rates increased ( Fig. 1 ) and pigments decomposed 5 h later after the transfering to weak light (Table 2 ); (2) On sunny days, the diurnal course of photosynthesis was altered into the single peak type and hotorespiration rates (Pr) were inhibited correspondingly in leaves sprayed by IA (2 mmol/L)(Fig. 3), and the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY) was decreased ( Fig. 5 ),the extents of Fo increase and Fv/Fm、 Fy/Fo decrease were much more than that of the control which were sprayed by water(Fig. 4); (3)AlthoughO-2production rates decreased to a measurable extent in leaves either sprayed with PG(5 mmol/L) or by PG + IA( Fig. 2), no evident improvements in photosynthetic efficiency and energy transformation efficiency were observed at midday. It is suggested that the roles of Mehler reaction in protection from photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus was limited in soybean leaves under natural strong light in the fields.
  • 摘要：@@投稿须知rn　　本刊主要刊载植物生理学和植物分子生物学及有关领域有创新结果的原始论文、结合作者自己研究工作的专题综述等。设置的栏目有：研究报告、研究简报、研究快报、专题综述、进展评介、经历与经验、记忆与怀念、实验技术、基因序列、读者·作者·编者和信息与交流等。rn　　1 证明信来稿须附单位同意发表的证明信，并说明稿件无泄密之处、署名无误、未正式发表和未一稿两投。rn　　2 文稿初稿需一式两份，修改稿或清稿只需一份。为了加强国际交流，提倡用英文写稿，用英文书写的论文审阅通过后可优先发表。rn　　3 题目与标题文章题目务求简明确切，与文章内容一致，不用副题。中外文题目应一致。文中各级标题用阿拉伯数字连续编号，层次不宜过多。rn　　4 作者与单位署名应限于参加本工作并能解答论文有关问题者，文稿须经每位署名者(包括外国作者)签名表示同意，并注明稿件联系人的详细通讯地址(包括邮政编码、电话、电子信箱)，另请附主要作者的性别、年龄、职称、学位等个人信息。投稿后如作者出国或单位发生变动，务必告知修改稿、校样及样刊、稿酬等寄何处、何人。rn　　的实验结果和创新之处。英文摘要须尽可能详细(最好写满1页)，包括主要实验方法、结果与结论，需引用主要图和表的内容并注出图表序号。rn　　6 关键词在中、英文摘要下方分别写出中、英文相一致6 关键词在中、英文摘要下方分别写出中、英文相一致的关键词3～7个。rn　　7 引言简要评介本文所研究领域的研究现状与未解决的问题，说明本文作者的研究目的，但不宜提出本文不能解决的问题。rn　　8 材料与方法植物名称要注拉丁学名。实验方法如与前人所用相同，只需注明文献；有改动处须交代清楚；如系新方法则须详细说明。
  • 摘要：以典型的顽拗性种子黄皮为试材,研究了花后不同时间的种子、收获后萌发的种子及15℃湿藏种子的脱水敏感性变化及其与种子胚轴中可溶性糖含量的关系.15℃湿藏150 d及600d使种子脱水敏感性增强,与寡糖含量下降以至消失及寡糖/蔗糖(O/D)之比下降极为一致,虽然花后67 d的种子耐脱水能力最强,但此时蔗糖、寡糖含量及寡糖/蔗糖之比却并非最高.虽然15℃湿藏150 d的种子萌发4 d最耐脱水,但寡糖含量及寡糖/蔗糖之比在萌发3 d时均已降至0.结果表明,发育及萌发种子的脱水敏感性与蔗糖、寡糖含量及O/D比无直接关系.
  • 摘要：在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站地区,用便携式光合蒸腾测定仪(CI-301PS)和液相极谱氧电极(SP-2)观测到,全晴天2种高山植物麻花艽和美丽风毛菊叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、光合放氧速率和表观量子效率(AQY)有明显的午间降低现象.遮光实验表明,这种现象是由高原地区当地太阳正午时前后较强的太阳辐射造成的.
  • 摘要：采用示踪技术探索了3H-JA的运输和分配规律及其受伤害胁迫的影响.外源3H-JA能够在小麦幼苗体内向上和向下运输,局部灼伤其运输与分配都发生了改变.从小麦根系饲喂的3H-JA,在植株内的分布量依序为根＞茎＞叶,时间较长(4 h)时分配于心叶的3H-JA大大增加.当叶片受到局部灼伤时3H-JA向地上部的输出量减少;但局部灼伤可加快由心叶饲喂的3H-JA的向下运输,改变3H-JA在小麦幼苗各部位的分配比率.心叶饲喂短时间(5 min)时,3H-JA主要积累在受到伤胁迫的展开叶(第2叶)中.向展开叶(第2叶)饲喂的3H-JA向下运输的速率高于向上运输的速率.推测JA运输及分配的变化可能在植株的防御反应中起重要作用.
  • 摘要：研究了外源草酸对热胁迫下辣椒叶片中细胞膜相对透性、谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量变化以及Ca2+分布的影响.结果表明:热胁迫使叶肉细胞膜相对透性升高,草酸处理则减轻升高幅度.热胁迫使叶片中GSH和AsA含量下降;草酸处理则使二者在热胁迫下含量下降幅度较小.常温下辣椒叶肉细胞的焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒主要分布于液泡、胞间隙和叶绿体中,热胁迫下液泡、细胞间隙中减少,但在细胞核和细胞质中出现;经过草酸处理的叶肉细胞,焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒在胞间隙中明显增多,液泡中减少.
  • 摘要：根据国际科学期刊Nature, Science 和Photosynthesis Research 等近年发表的60多篇文献评论了过去5年来光合作用研究领域的研究进展.这篇评论由光合机构的精细结构与光合作用的反应机理、光合作用的调节机制与环境胁迫和光合机理知识的应用与绿色革命三部分组成.第一部分包括天线和反应中心的结构、放氧机理和ATP合成的分子机理;第二部分涉及二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶,光抑制,氧化还原调节和光合作用的高温抑制;第三部分讨论新绿色革命的特点和艰巨性,指出新绿色革命的中心问题是作物光合效率的改善,锐利武器是基因工程,新绿色革命的成功有赖于对光合作用的深入理解和分子生物学家、植物生理学家、生物化学家与农学家们的协同努力.
  • 摘要：以4份大田生长的优良大麦品种/品系为材料,采用超速旋切法分离小孢子进行培养.提取液和预处理液中添加适当浓度的秋水仙碱可明显提高大麦小孢子的存活率、胚状体的成苗潜力.
  • 摘要：NaCl处理引起小麦幼苗干重下降,盐敏感品种比耐盐品种下降幅度要大.盐敏感品种的拒Na+能力为35%左右,耐盐品种的拒Na+能力为50%～60%左右,这表明耐盐品种的拒Na+能力远远大于盐敏感品种.不同耐盐性小麦的拒Na+部位不同,盐敏感品种的拒Na+部位主要在根茎结合部,而耐盐品种的拒Na+部位主要在根部.
  • 摘要：随着旗叶的衰老,Rubisco含量逐渐减少.延缓小麦旗叶的衰老进程(抽穗期施氮肥),可增加旗叶Rubisco的含量,提高籽粒的全氮含量.在小麦旗叶全展后28 d内,Rubisco的15N丰度处于较高水平,表明仍有Rubisco的重新合成;而在28 d以后,Rubisco的15N丰度处于低水平,表明无Rubisco的重新合成.但这时籽粒的15N丰度却上升.旗叶全展后14 d内Rubisco的15N丰度高于旗叶中全氮的丰度,说明此时期Rubisco重新合成的速率高于其它蛋白质;旗叶衰老过程中Rubisco的15N丰度的净转移高于全氮,Rubi-sco净N转移也高于全氮,表明Rubisco向籽粒中转移的氮素多于其它蛋白质,对籽粒含氮量的影响最大.
  • 摘要：采用细胞化学方法,研究了黄瓜种子中贮藏Ca2+的分布特点及其在萌发过程中的变化动态.干种子的子叶细胞中贮藏有大量的蛋白体、油脂体,Ca2+沉淀颗粒大量分布于胞质、胞间隙以及细胞质膜上.大多数蛋白体中有1至数个圆球形或椭圆体形含Ca2+的球状晶体.相比之下,胚芽和胚根细胞中Ca2+较少.种子萌发早期,子叶中的贮藏钙及晶体溶解释放出的Ca2+部分转运到生长发育中的胚芽和胚根中.随着萌发的继续,胚根和胚芽细胞中的Ca2+不会持续增多,反而下降.
  • 摘要：桃果实在成熟过程中细胞壁干物质不断减少,随着共价结合果胶质和离子结合果胶质减少,水溶性果胶质明显增加,纤维素也逐渐减少,但半纤维素含量变化较小.低温胁迫造成果胶质和纤维素的降解过程受阻,从而造成较高分子量果胶质的积累,果汁粘度升高.中途加温则能促进果胶质和纤维素的增溶和解聚,引导细胞进行与果实成熟有关的细胞壁代谢.14C-蔗糖标记试验表明,在细胞壁不断降解的同时,也进行着合成.在果实成熟的启动阶段,细胞壁的合成能力加强.果实衰老过程与细胞壁合成减少有着直接的联系.受到低温伤害的果实细胞壁物质含量高于正常果实的原因,并不是其合成水平的升高,而是其降解的减慢.
  • 摘要：测定了温州蜜柑果实发育进程中糖的积累动态,并用14C示踪方法研究了果实发育不同阶段源叶的光合产物在果实中的运输分配特性.结果表明:(1)果实组织中的糖含量随果实发育持续上升,果皮以积累己糖为主而其它组织则以积累蔗糖为主或略多.(2)在果实完熟之前,汁囊分配到的光合产物均占果实的50%以上,为果实中的光合产物分配中心;而到完熟阶段分配到汁囊的14C光合产物与其它组织接近,不再有明显的分配中心.(3)汁囊中的14C放射性比活度随着果实发育呈下降趋势,尤其在后期下降极为明显.(4)维管束/囊瓣表皮和囊瓣表皮/汁囊的14C放射性比活度的比率都随果实发育进程而增大,但后者的比率要大大高于前者,表明韧皮部后运输是光合产物进入汁囊的限速阶段.(5)输入到汁囊的14C光合产物主要以蔗糖形式存在,说明光合产物是以蔗糖为主体输入汁囊参与糖积累和代谢的.
  • 摘要：用38℃高温和27℃正常温度分别处理14C-SA标记的葡萄幼苗叶片1,3,6,12 h，发现常温下14C-SA向外运转的很少，而高温下向外运转的更少。高温处rn理和常温对照的14C-SA都既向上运输又向下运输，以向下运输为主，但无论向上运输还是向下运输，高温下要比常温下运输的少一些。在常温下1,3,6 h,14C-SArn以根系分配的最多，12 h以茎中分配最多，而在高温处理下1，3 h以根中分配最多，6,12 h则以茎中分配最多。高温处理和常温对照下都是离引入叶越近的茎rn段和叶片(除引入叶)，14C-SA含量越高。
  • 摘要：对异源四倍体柑桔体细胞杂种“哈姆林甜橙+粗柠檬”及其亲本的花粉活力、花器官发育、花器官形态发生与花粉母细胞减数分裂四分体阶段进行了观测和统计.结果发现:“哈姆林甜橙+粗柠檬”的花粉染色活力、萌发率、每花药中花粉粒数均居于其双亲之间,花器官发育及其形态发生具有双亲的特点.但小花粉及花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中形成的不正常四分体比率远远高于其双亲.以体细胞杂种“哈姆林甜橙+粗柠檬”为花粉亲本,与二倍体单胚类型宜昌橙与华农本地早的有性后代杂交,获得了110棵有性后代植株,其中三倍体82棵,二倍体和其它倍性的植株28棵.
  • 摘要：在幼穗发育的雌雄蕊形成期用化学杀雄剂Ⅲ号(一种吡喃酮类衍生物)30 mg/m2处理籼稻HX-3和粳稻镇稻88后,其幼穗、颖花和花药中的活性氧产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)积累高于对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASA-POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则低于对照.在处理后第5天,与对照相比,幼穗中H2O2、O2、MDA含量明显增高,而相关的抗氧化酶活性下降.至处理后第15天,花药中H2O2、O2、MDA含量均比对照增加约1.5倍以上,同时POD、ASA-POD、SOD活性比对照下降一半以上.化学杀雄剂III号处理水稻导致雄性不育的发生,可能与幼穗、颖花和花药中较高的活性氧积累和膜脂过氧化加剧,从而损伤幼穗及花药细胞结构有关.
  • 摘要：NAA和GA3处理未经授粉的瓠瓜子房不能显著促进其细胞分裂和膨大而产生单性结实果,而CP-PU处理未经授粉的瓠瓜子房则使其细胞数目和中果皮单个细胞横切面积以及单果重都显著高于未授粉和人工授粉果.经CPPU诱导座果而产生的单性结实果中IAA、ABA和t-zeatin的浓度均不同程度地低于人工授粉和不授粉果实.
  • 摘要：利用随机扩增多态性DNA (random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD)技术获得与大麻性别连锁的分子标记.将10株雄性大麻或10株雌性大麻的单个DNA样品等量混合分别组成雄性或雌性DNA池(DNA pool),以提供具有相同遗传背景的雌、雄性DNA样品.每个随机引物分别用三个不同的循环程序进行PCR扩增.在30个随机引物中,用引物401扩增得到一条约2.5kb雄性多态性片段.对该片段进行了克隆和序列分析,并根据序列分析结果将上述RAPD分子标记转化为重复性和特异性更好的SCAR(sequence characterized amplified regions)分子标记.
  • 摘要：研究了景天酸代谢(CAM)植物菠萝叶片绿色组织与贮水组织(WSP)的苹果酸、柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、淀粉、果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、葡糖-1-磷酸(G-1-P)、葡糖-6-磷酸(G-6-P)、果糖-6-磷酸(F-6-P)、草酰乙酸(OAA)及磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)水平的昼夜变化。夜间苹果酸的积累仅发生在绿色组织中，表明只有绿色组织才能进行CAM。可溶性已糖(葡萄糖和果糖)是绿色组织中夜间苹果酸累积的主要碳源。绿色组织G-1-P、G-6-P和F-6-P水平在夜间的初期上升，后期下降，昼间的头3 h仍下降，3 h后变化不明显。绿色组织中OAA和PEP水平也发生昼夜变化。在贮水组织中没有测到淀粉、蔗糖、OAA和PEP。除葡萄糖和果糖外，WSP中其它代谢物的含量都远低于绿色组织，而且WSP中所有代谢物都无明显的昼夜变化。
  • 摘要：蚕豆植株经暗饥饿处理40 h后，取其下表皮，再用超声波“原位分离”下表皮上的保卫细胞对，然后在无菌、非光合条件下，用外源蔗糖处理蚕豆下表皮上的保卫细胞对，考察其对气孔开放的效应。结果发现，在1 d的无菌培养过程中，蔗糖显著促进了气孔的开放。100 mmol/L的蔗糖在10 mmol/L的MES-NaOH/KOH (pH 6.1)缓冲液中, 开度分别增加2.0/2.6 μm ;在1 μmol/L的气孔开放促进剂fusicoccin (FC)的存在下，100 mmol/L的蔗糖在MES-NaOH/KOH (pH 6.1)缓冲液中分别增加开度 5.0/5.5 μm。不同浓度（5～200 mmol/L）的蔗糖处理结果表明:气孔开度的增加与蔗糖浓度呈一定的正相关，浓度为100 mmol/L的蔗糖处理表现出最大促进作用。同时还初步观察到，蔗糖可维持保卫细胞存活率和叶绿体的完整性。

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