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极地科学进展(英文版)

极地科学进展(英文版)

Advances in Polar Science
是中国工程物理研究院的第一本专业性英文学术期刊，主要报道极端条件下物质和辐射研究领域的理论、实验与应用研究的重要成果和最新进展。2016年创刊，2018年被Scopus和ESCI数据库收录，2019年被SCI收录。
  • 发文量：642
  • 被引量：79
  • H指数：1
  • 开始收录时间：1990(1)
  • CNKI综合因子：0.1
  • 维普期刊影响因子： 0.22
  • 万方期刊影响因子：0.55
  • 创刊时间：1990
  • 国内刊号/CN：31-2050/P
    国际刊号/ISSN：1674-9928
  • 发行周期：双月刊
    邮发代号：
  • 主管单位：国家海洋局(State Oceanic Administration)
    主办单位：中国极地研究中心,国家海洋局极地考察办公室 (Polar Research Institute of China, Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration)
极地科学进展(英文版)-联系信息
  • 主编：Huigen Yang;Ian Allison
  • 电话：021-58713650 58713642
  • 邮箱：journal@pric.org.cn
  • 地址：上海金桥路451号
  • 邮编：200136
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极地科学进展(英文版) >2021年第4期

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  • 摘要：The Southern Hemisphere (SH) westerly winds have intensified and shifted poleward since the 1970s and this trend is projected to sustain under future anthropogenic forcing. The influencesof intensified SH westerlies on the Antarctic coastal waters are still not clear.The variability of Antarctic Continental Shelf Bottom Water (ASBW) temperature is crucial for ice shelf basal melting and hence ice shelf mass balance in Antarctica. In order to understand the impacts of SH westerlies on the variability of ASBW temperature, atmospheric forcing in 1992 when the westerlies were weak and in 1998 with strong westerlies are used to drive a high-resolution ocean-sea ice general circulation model, MITgcm-ECCO2. Our simulated results show that under the atmospheric forcing in 1998, the ASBW becomes warmer in most regions around Antarctica except the coastal region between 60°–150°W, than for the case under atmospheric forcing in 1992. The warming of ASBW around Antarctica is due to the intense shoaling and warming of CDW induced by enhanced Ekman pumping as well as strengthened subpolar gyres. The strengthened subpolar gyres favor the transportation of warm water to the coast of Antarctica. The cooling of ASBW along the coast of the western Antarctic Peninsula is caused by stronger coastal currents, which bring colder water downstream from the northwest flank of the Weddell Sea.
  • 摘要：Ensemble simulations with the Arctic coupled regional climate model HIRHAM-NAOSIM have been analyzed to investigate atmospheric feedbacks to September sea-ice anomalies in the Arctic in autumn and the following winter. Different "low minus high ice" composites have been calculated using selected model runs and different periods. This approach allows us to investigate the robustness of the simulated regional atmospheric feedbacks to detected sea-ice anomalies. Since the position and strength of the September sea-ice anomaly varies between the different "low minus high ice" composites, the related simulated atmospheric patterns in autumn differ depending on the specific surface heat flux forcing through the ocean-atmosphere interface. However, irrespective of those autumn differences, the regional atmospheric feedback in the following winter is rather insensitive to the applied compositing. Neither the selection of simulations nor the consideredperiod impacts the results. The simulated consistent large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern shows a wave-like pattern with positive pressure anomaly over the region of the Barents/Kara Seas and Scandinavia/western Russia ("Scandinavian-Ural blocking")and negative pressure anomaly over the East Siberian/Laptev Seas.
  • 摘要：Melt ponds on Arctic sea ice are of great significance in the study of the heat balance in the ocean mixed layer, mass and salt balances of Arctic sea ice, and other aspects of the earth-atmosphere system. During the 7th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition, aerial photographs were taken from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle over an ice floe in the Canada Basin. Using threshold discrimination and three-dimensional modeling, we estimated a melt pond fraction of 1.63％ and a regionally averaged surface roughness of 0.12 for the study area. In view of the particularly foggy environment of the Arctic, aerial images were defogged using an improved dark channel prior based image defog algorithm, especially adapted for the special conditions of sea ice images. An aerial photo mosaic was generated, melt ponds were identified from the mosaic image and melt pond fractions were calculated. Three-dimensional modeling techniques were used to generate a digital elevation model allowing relative elevation and roughness of the sea ice surface to be estimated. Analysis of the relationship between the distributions of melt ponds and sea ice surface roughness shows that melt ponds are smaller on sea ice with higher surface roughness, while broader melt ponds usually occur in areas where sea ice surface roughness is lower.
  • 摘要：Extreme temperature events can influence the natural environment and societal activities more so than mean temperature events. This study used daily data from 238 stations north of 60°N, obtained from the Global Summary of the Day dataset for the period 1979–2015, to investigate the trends of summertime extreme temperature. The results revealed most stations north of 60°N with trends of decrease in the number of cold days (nights) and increase in the number of warm days (nights). The regional average results showed trends of consistent decline (rise) of cold days and nights (warm days and nights) in Eurasia and Greenland. Similarly, the trends of the seasonal maximum and minimum values were most significant in these regions. In summer, of three indices considered (i.e., Arctic Oscillation, Arctic dipole, and El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation), the largest contributor to the trends of extreme temperature events was the Arctic dipole. Prevailing southerly winds in summer brought warm moist air across northern Eurasia and Greenland, conducive to increased numbers of warm days (nights) and decreased numbers of cold day (nights). Moreover, we defined extreme events using different thresholds and found the spatial distributions of the trends were similar.
  • 摘要：Polar climate systems have experienced a number of dramatic changes(Wang et al.,2017;Turner et al.,2016;Gordon,2014;Rignot et al.,2013;Meier et al.,2012;Kwok and Rothrock,2009;Thompson and Solomon,2002),which have influenced climatic conditions across large parts of the globe through large-scale atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections(Dou and Wu,2018;Zhang et al.,2018;
  • 摘要：Mt Erebus is the most active Antarctic volcano, on the flanks of the world's largest ice sheet. Despite this, the interactions between its eruptions and the ice cover have not been studied in detail. Focusing on the most recent deglaciation, we build a glacial retreat model and compare this to recent lava geochemistry measurements to investigate the processes involved. This analysis exposes a previously unknown link between Antarctic glaciation and eruptions, of vital importance to the understanding of volcanism in this context. We find that deglaciation led to rapid emptying of the shallow magma plumbing system and a resulting peak in eruption rates synchronous with ice retreat. We also find that the present day lavas do not represent steady state conditions, but originate from a source with up to 30％ more partial melting than older >4 ka eruptions. This finding that deglaciation affects volcanism both on short and longer timescales may prompt a re-evaluation of eruptions in glaciated and previously glaciated terrains both in Antarctica and beyond.
  • 摘要：Humic substances are ubiquitous natural materials found in sediments as a product of biochemical transformation reactions representing a significant proportion of organic carbon cycle on earth. This study involves the analysis of humic substances with special emphasis on humic acids (HAs) in sediments collected from the Kongsfjorden System of Arctic region in June, 2017. The characterization of the isolated HAs were done using various spectroscopic techniques viz. UV-visible, Fluorescence, FTIR and NMR. Isolated HAs were also undergone for elemental analysis along with other characterization. The UV spectral analysis results with a lower E4/E6 ratio suggesting the presence of HAs with high degree of aromaticity and condensation. Indications for the presence of hydroxyl, methyl, methylene, carbonyl, carboxyl, phenol, alcohol and amide groups were obtained from the FTIR spectrums of HAs. NMR spectral characteristics also confirm the presence of OH group as well as the presence of CH protons adjacent to C=X, wereXcan be any electronegative element. This also confirms the presence of carbonyl group which is also evident in the FTIR spectral studies. Presence of aliphatic regions slightly more dominated with long chain and/or alicyclic moieties rather than methyl groups was also inferred from the results of NMR.
  • 摘要：This issue of Advances in Polar Science exclusively contains papers that are about polar research programs and activities of countries in the Asian region. Although several Asian nations (Japan, India, China, Republic of Korea) have been involved in Antarctic research for more than 30 years, there is a new and growing interest in the Asian region in scientific activity in both the Arctic and Antarctic.
  • 摘要：This paper presents a review of the current status of Asian countries' relations with Antarctica, aimed at deepening understanding of the role of the Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS) in the area covered under the Antarctic Treaty. The paper critically examines the current situation regarding the Asian presence in Antarctica and provides a historical outlineof the AFoPS. Whereas the activities of individual Asian countries in Antarctica have been extensively analyzed in previous studies, those of the AFoPS constitute a research gap within the scholarly literature. Therefore, an assessment of the role of the AFoPS within the wider Antarctic region from both the policy and scientific perspectives is necessary to better understand its relationship with other international organizations that are active in the area covered by the Antarctic Treaty. Over the course of its relatively short history, the AFoPS has accomplished a number of achievements. These include the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding with the International Arctic Science Committee and the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. Additionally, collaborative activities have been undertaken by members of the Forum, entailing, for example, exchanges of personnel, cooperation and support extended within scientific projects. Consequently, AFoPS member countries that traditionally lack a polar background, such as Thailand and Vietnam, have been able to conduct scientific activities in Antarctica.
  • 摘要：Schirmacher Oasis and Larsemann Hills areas represent two different periglacial environments of East Antarctica. Schirmacher Oasis is characterized by a vast stretch of ice-shelf in the north and East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) to its south. Whereas, in Larsemann Hills area the northern and north-western boundary is coastal area and EAIS in the southern part, exhibiting polar lowland between the marine and continental glacial ecosystems. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples from different lakes of both of these two distinct locations are quite contrasting and have indicated influence of lithology, weathering, evaporation and precipitation. The lake water chemistry in Larsemann Hills area is mainly governed by the lithology of the area while Schirmacher lakes exhibit influence of precipitation and rock composition. All major ions of lake waters indicate balanced ionic concentrations. The atmospheric precipitation has significantly modified the ionic distributions in the lakes and channels. Carbonation is the main proton supplying geochemical reactions involved in the rock weathering and this is an important mechanism which controls the hydrochemistry. The lake water hydrochemistry differs widely not only between two distant periglacial zones but also within a short distance of a single periglacial entity, indicating influence of territorial climate over hydrochemistry.
  • 摘要：During the Cambrian and Ordovician, widespread magmatic activity occurred in the Ross Orogen of central Antarctica, forming the Granite Harbor Intrusives and Terra Nova Intrusive Complex. In the Terra Nova Intrusive Complex, the latest magmatic activity comprised the emplacement of the Abbott Unit (508 Ma) and the Vegetation Unit (～475 Ma), which were formed in different tectonic settings. Owing to their similar lithological features, the tectonic transformation that occurred between the formation of these two units has not been well studied. Through a detailed geological field investigation and geochemical and geochronological analyses, four types of magmatic rock—basalt, syenite, mafic veins, and granite veins—were identified on Inexpressible Island, Northern Victoria Land. Our SHRIMP (Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro Probe) zircon U-Pb ages of the basalt and the granite veins are 504.7 ± 3.1 and 495.5 ± 4.9 Ma, respectively. Major- and trace-element data indicate a continental-margin island-arc setting for the formation of these two rock types. The zircon U-Pb ages of the syenite and the monzodiorite veins are 485.8 ± 5.7 and 478.5 ± 4.0 Ma, respectively. Major- and trace-element compositions suggest a collisional setting for the former and an intracontinental extensional setting for the latter. These results elucidate the evolution from subduction to collision and intracontinental extension in Northern Victoria Land during the 20 Ma spanning the late Cambrian-Early Ordovician and improve our understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the Ross Orogen in the Transantarctic Mountains.
  • 摘要：To estimate basal water storage beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, it is essential to have data on the three-dimensional characteristics of subglacial lakes. We present a method to estimate the water depth and surface area of Antarctic subglacial lakes from the inversion of hydraulic potential method. Lake Vostok is chosen as a case study because of the diverse and comprehensive measurements that have been obtained over and around the lake. The average depth of Lake Vostok is around 345±4 m. We estimated the surface area of Lake Vostok beneath the ice sheet to be about 13300±594 km2. The lake consists of two sub-basins separated by a ridge at water depths of about 200-300 m. The surface area of the northern sub-basin is estimated to be about half of that of the southern basin. The maximum depths of the northern and southern sub-basins are estimated to be about 450 and 850 m, respectively. Total water volume is estimated to be about 4658±204 km3. These estimates are compared with previous estimates obtained from seismic data and inversion of aerogravity data. In general, our estimates are closer to those obtained from the inversion of aerogravity data than those from seismic data, indicating the applicability of our method to the estimation of water depths of other subglacial lakes.
  • 摘要：Interplanetary shocks or solar wind pressure pulses have prompted impacts on Earth's magnetospheric and ionospheric environment, especially in causing dynamic changes to the bright aurora in the polar ionosphere. The auroral phenomenon associated with shock impingements, referred to as shock aurora, exhibits distinct signatures differing from other geophysical features on the dayside polar ionosphere. Shock aurora provides a direct manifestation of the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere interaction. Imagers onboard satellites can obtain the associated large-scale auroral characteristics during shock impingement on the magnetopause.Therefore, auroral data from satellites are very useful for surveying the comprehensive features of shock aurora and their general evolution. Nonetheless, the ground-based high temporal-spatial resolution all-sky imagers installed at scientific stations play an essential role in revealing medium-and small-scale characteristics of shock aurora. Here, we focus on shock aurora imaging signatures measured by imagers onboard satellites and ground-based all-sky imagers.
  • 摘要：Atmospheric transmission from Dome A, Antarctica, presents new possibilities in the field of terahertz astronomy, where space telescopes have been the only observational tools until now. Using atmospheric transmission measurements from Dome A with a Fourier transform spectrometer, transmission spectra and long-term stabilities have been analyzed at 1.461 THz, 3.393 THz, 5.786 THz and 7.1 THz, which show that important atmospheric windows for terahertz astronomy open for a reasonable length of time in the winter season. With large aperture terahertz telescopes and interferometers at Dome A, high angular resolution terahertz observations are foreseen of atomic fine-structure lines from ionized gas and a water ice feature from protoplanetary disks.
  • 摘要：Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of incident and reflected solar irradiance and describes the ability of a surface to reflect, rather than absorb incident solar shortwave radiation. It is thus a crucial parameter in the climate system, particularly in the polar oceans. Sea ice albedo is a main driver for light transmission into the polar oceans and thus has a high impact on ocean warming, ice melting and marine primary production. During spring and summer, sea ice albedo can exhibit a significant spatial variability caused by meltwater accumulations on the ice. While complex and expensive solutions for albedo measurementsare already available, we want to present a simple open-source design that allows for affordable mapping of spatially varying surface albedo on sea ice and beyond. Our solution is based on off-the-shelf components, such as an Arduino microcontroller integrating affordable light sensors, a GPS unit, data recording on memory card and data display into a simple field strengthened unit. We provide example data from two Arctic field deployments showing the capabilities and limitations of this system.
  • 摘要：The observations of Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) were carried out using the sporadic data of EISCAT UHF radar during the summer season from 2004 to 2015. There were 25 h of PMSE echoes with EISCAT UHF radar. PMSE echoes were mostly observed only during the early morning and fore-noon time. Moreover, the PMSE echoes are positively correlated with Lymanα radiation, but the correlation is non-significant. The occurrence of PMSE echoes in the early morning and fore-noon time and there positive correlation with Lymanαradiation suggests that solar radiations might be one important factor for PMSE echoes in this study. Very weak positive, but statistically non-significant correlation is found between PMSE occurrence rate and the local geomagneticK-indices. It is found that there is a matching between the variation in the occurrence rate of PMSE and noctilucent clouds (NLC) up to some extent and they are positively correlated. This positive correlation might support the earlier proposed idea about the role of ice particle size in producing PMSE echoes at higher frequencies.
  • 摘要：AWS data during 2014 collected at PANDA-N station, on the East Antarctic Plateau, are analysed. Net Short Wave Radiation (QSWR), net Long Wave Radiation (QLWR), sensible (QH), latent (QL) and subsurface or ground (QG) heat fluxes are computed. Annual averages for QSWR,QLWR,QH,QL andQG of 19.65,-49.16, 26.40,-0.77 and 3.86 W·m-2 were derived based on an albedo value of 0.8.QSWR andQH are the major sources of heat gain to the surface andQLWR is the major component of heat loss from the surface. An iterative method is used to estimate surface temperature in this paper; surface temperature of snow/ice is gradually increased or decreased, thereby changing longwave radiation, sensible, latent and subsurface heat fluxes, so that the net energy balance becomes zero. Mass loss due to sublimation at PANDA-N station for 2014 is estimated to be 12.18 mm w.e.·a-1; and mass gain due to water vapour deposition is estimated to be 3.58 mm w.e.·a-1. Thus the net mass loss due to sublimation/deposition is 8.6 mm w.e.·a-1. This study computes surface energy fluxes using a model, instead of direct measurements. Also there are missing data especially for wind speed, though 2 m air temperature data is almost continuously available throughout the year. The uncertainties of albedo, wind speed and turbulent fluxes cause the mostprobable error in monthly values ofQLWR,QH, QL,QG and surface temperature of about ±4％, ±20％, ±50％, ±11％ and ±0.74 K respectively.
  • 摘要：Investigation of the physical and mechanical properties of snow has long been atopic of interest to researchers as the construction of compacted-snow runways in Antarctica developed.In an attempt to assess the strength of layered compacted seasonal snow, penetration tests using modified Rammsonde were conducted in Harbin, China in early 2018. Compared with previous models, the modified Rammsonde is lighter overall, with improved resolution; thus, it is more suitable for seasonal snow; the mechanical structure was adjusted, and the reading of depth data is more convenient. A total of 74 penetration tests were carried out and the results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of these analyses demonstrated the applicability of the device, and revealed that several factors affect the cone penetrometer's estimate of the strength of the layered compacted seasonal snow. Such factors include the confining pressure, penetration energy, and the snow material properties, particularly the compaction of the snow undergoing penetration. A linear relationship between the penetration pressure and snow density was also established. The effect of age hardening on the penetration pressure was studied and the microstructure of the snow particles was observed through a microscope. These analyses showed that the cone penetrometer and data processing methodology applied in this study enable a rapid estimate of strength in seasonal snow, and may be applied in Antarctica after further modification. This would provide a scientific basis for the design of China's Antarctic ice sheet airport.
  • 摘要：In order to understand the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of diorite and diabase units on Doumer Island,Antarctic Peninsula, this paper reports new laser ablation—inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U-Pb, geochemical, and Lu-Hf isotopic data for the magmatism. The diorite and diabase samples yielded zircon U-Pb ages of 55.4 ± 0.3 and 52.8 ± 0.4 Ma, respectively. These samples are enriched in the large ion lithophile elements and the light rare earth elements, and are depleted in the high field strength elements. The zircons in these samples yield?Hf (t) values from 9.03to 11.87 and model ages (TDM2) of 342–524 Ma. The major, trace, rare earth element (REE), and Hf isotopic data for the diorites indicate that these units were formed by the mixing of magmas generated by (a) the partial melting of mantle wedge material that experienced fluid-metasomatism in a subduction zone setting, and (b) the melting of juvenile crustal material induced by the upwelling of mantle-derived magmas in a subduction–collision setting. The diabase units contain higher total REE concentrations than the diorite, indicating they were derived from a different source region. These samples also have higher Mg# values and contain lower concentrations of Cr and Ni than the diorites, and have weakly negative Nb and Ta anomalies with Nb/Ta values of <3. The zircons in these samples yield?Hf (t) values from 9.08 to 11.11 and model ages (TDM2) of 389–503 Ma. The major, trace, REE, and Hf isotopic compositions of the diabase units indicate that that they were derived from the mixing of depleted mantle-derived magmas with magmas generated by the melting of juvenile crustal material which was induced by the upwelling of the mantle into the crust. Overall the Cenozoic diorite and diabase on Doumer Island is related to subduction environment.
  • 摘要：In the last decade, the atmospheric part of the climate system experienced a shift from pronounced zonal to stronger meridional flow configurations and regionally diverse changes and trends. The climate system shows complex interactions and nonlinear behavior, manifested in global warming, rising ocean temperatures and the retreat of Arctic sea ice. Although atmospheric trends and changes are observed, underlying processes are not well understood. In this study we diagnose the interaction of large-scale atmospheric eddies and the mean flow with respect to diabatic heating and cooling processes that impact on the atmospheric advection of heat. For this purpose, three-dimensional Eliassen-Palm flux theory is used in combination with an analysis of the thermodynamic equation, diabatic heating and cooling and heat advection. The most recent decades of observed winter climate are evaluated in terms of climatology and trends over the Atlantic, Arctic and Eurasia. The change of the atmospheric circulation and related processes differ between early and late winter. In early winter, the interaction of macro-turbulent eddies with the mean flow is inhibited at the Atlantic jet stream entrance region and atmospheric heat is meridionally advected into the Arctic, both related to strong high pressure anomalies. In late winter, these anomalies are inverted and a negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation with a more wavy mean flow and a tendency towards stronger meridionalization is observed.
  • 摘要：The relatively simple vegetation of the Arctic tundra provides an ideal sitein which to study the relationships between plants, bacterial communities and soil chemistry. Here, results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of secondary Arctic brown soils collected from underneath colonies of Dryasoctopetala, Luzulaconfusaand Bistortavivipara in the Arctic tundra near Ny-?lesund, Svalbard, Norway, reveal significant differences in bacterial communities related to soil environmental properties. Redundancy analysis shows that all measured geochemical factors were significant in structuring microbiomes, with strong correlations related to soil pH and organic matter contents. Vegetation is likely toaffect the physical and chemical properties of the soil, which in turn affects the bacterial community and composition of the soil.
  • 摘要：Atmospheric temperatures over northern regions of the world are rising at twice the global average,and one of the most conspicuous effects is the rapid and ongoing decline in summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean.To improve understanding about the causes and consequences of this decline,the project‘Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate’(https://www.mosaicexpedition.org/)commenced in September 2019,under the auspices of the International Arctic Science Committee(IASC).This project is an ambitious year-round set of observations of multiple aspects of the Arctic Ocean,sea ice and atmosphere,involving five icebreakers(notably the German vessel Polarstern that was frozen into the Arctic pack ice),and 600 science personnel from more than 20 nations.
  • 摘要：The Ross Sea region is a biologically rich and dynamic environment and,although protected under various instruments of the Antarctic Treaty System,is threatened by a changing climate and increasing human activities locally and globally.This opinion editorial describes the importance of research and monitoring in the Ross Sea and identifies opportunities and barriers to enhance them.
  • 摘要：An autonomous adaptive low-power instrument platform(AAL-PIP)chain of six stations has been newly established on East Antarctic Plateau along the 40°geomagnetic meridian,to investigate interhemispheric geomagnetically conjugate current systems,waves,and other space weather phenomena in Polar Regions.These six stations,PG0 to PG5,which host low-power magnetometers(Fluxgate and Searchcoil),dual frequency GPS receivers,HF radio experiment,and run autonomously with solar power and two-way satellite communication,are designated at the geomagnetically conjugate(based on the International Geomagnetic Reference Field)locations of the West Greenland geomagnetic chain covering magnetic latitudes from 70°to 80°.We present the development,deployment,and operation of this chain,as well as the data collected by the chain and some preliminary scientific results showing evidence of interhemispheric asymmetries,which are important to better understand Solar Wind–Magnetosphere–Ionosphere(SWMI)coupling in Polar Regions.Recent investigations focus on magnetic impulse(MI)events,traveling convection vortices(TCVs),and ultra-low frequency(ULF)waves in the coupled southern and northern hemispheres.
  • 摘要：During the ARK-XXIII/3 expedition of icebreaking RV Polarstern in the high Arctic Ocean(partim north of 73°N)from 25 August to 10 October 2008,550 transect counts lasting 30 min were devoted to seabird and marine mammal counts from the bridge.In the whole area,the three most numerous species,kittiwake Rissa tridactyla,fulmar Fulmarus glacialis and Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia represented 90%of the total of 12000 individuals registered,followed by ivory gull Pagophila eburnea,black guillemot Cepphus grylle and Ross’s gull Rodostethia rosea.Four geographical zones were recognized on the basis of number of species and density.Both were especially low in the deeper areas(mean depth of 3000 m),both ice-free and heavily ice-covered:0.3 birds per 30 min count belonging to three and four species respectively.The most numerous species was kittiwake with 0.25 per count(50 individuals)in the ice-covered area.Pinniped numbers were very low as well,the most numerous of the four species tallied being 20 harp seals Phoca groenlandica and 10 ringed seal Pusa hispida.Seven polar bears Ursus maritimus were encountered.These observations were basically confirmed during 12 helicopter flights lasting one hour each with very low numbers:50 kittiwakes and 13 harp seals,almost none in the ice-covered deep zone.A comparison between data obtained from ship and from helicopter seems however to reflect the importance of seabird followers including for long distances.The only cetaceans were two adult belugas Delphinapterus leucas tallied from helicopter.
  • 摘要：Seven operative thermal infrared(TIR)spectrometers launched at sun-synchronous polar orbits supply huge amounts of information about Arctic methane(CH4)year-round,day and night.TIR data are unique for estimating CH4 emissions from a warming Arctic,both terrestrial and marine.This report is based on publicly available CH4 concentrations retrieved by NOAA and NASA from spectra of TIR radiation delivered by EU IASI and US AIRS sounders.Data were filtered for high thermal contrast in the troposphere.Validation versus aircraft measurements at three US continental sites reveal a reduced,but still significant sensitivity to CH4 anomalies in the troposphere below 4 km of altitude.The focus area is the Barents and Kara seas(BKS).BKS is impacted with warm Atlantic water and mostly free of sea ice.It is a shelf area with vast deposits of oil and natural gas(~90%CH4),as well as methane hydrates and submarine permafrost.Although in summer AIRS and IASI observe no significant difference in CH4 between BKS and N.Atlantic,a strong,monthly positive CH4 spatial anomaly of up to 30 ppb occurs during late autumn–winter.One of explanations of this increase is a fall/winter pycnocline breakdown after a period of blocked mixing caused by a stable density seawater stratification in summer:enhanced mixing lets CH4 to reach the sea surface and atmosphere.
  • 摘要：At present,it is believed that the freezing point temperature of seawater is a function of salinity and pressure,and the freezing point is a key parameter in a coupled air-sea-ice system.Generally,empirical formulas or methods are used to calculate the freezing point of seawater.Especially in high-pressure situations,e.g.,under a thick ice sheet or ice shelf,the pressure term must be taken into account in the determination of seawater freezing point temperature.This study summarized various methods that have been used to calculate seawater freezing point with high pressure.The methods that were employed in two ocean-ice models were also assessed.We identified the disadvantages of these methods used in these two models and addressed the corresponding uncertainties of the freezing point temperature formulas.This study provides useful information on the calculation of the freezing point temperature in numerical modeling and indicates a need to investigate the sensitivity of numerical simulations to the uncertainties in the freezing point temperature in future.
  • 摘要：The Lindqvist method is adopted to estimate the ice resistance for an icebreaker.The accuracy of the method is evaluated in a comparison of the calculated results with model test results.In addition to the estimation of ice resistance,a sensitivity analysis based on the Lindqvist method is carried out.A full parametric model developed using CAESES software allows the convenient construction of many new hull lines.The primary factors relevant to ice resistance are embedded as design parameters in the full parametric model.Meanwhile,response surface methodology is adopted to give better insight into new hull lines.Results show that the ice resistance is more sensitive to the rake angle and waterline entrance angle.The aim of the present study is to improve the techniques of designing the hull forms of icebreakers.
  • 摘要：On 10 December 2017,a Chinese research vessel R/V Xuelong encountered an extensive area of landfast ice offshore Inexpressible Island(Antarctica)near the location where the fifth Chinese Antarctic research station is to be built.Using multi-source satellite images and weather data,we analyzed the ice conditions during the event season and reconstructed the development of landfast ice.Two stages in late September and early October were identified as contributing to the final ice extent.These two events are highly related to local-and large-scale weather conditions.Satellite images from 2003 to 2017 showed that four in fifteen years experienced severe landfast ice conditions,suggesting that it is not a rare phenomenon.
  • 摘要：The geological and paleontological potential of the James Ross Basin,located at the northeastern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula,seems inexhaustible.A late Mesozoic–early Cenozoic sedimentary succession nearly 7 km thick is exposed within the basin,and numerous fossiliferous levels make it possible to carry out fundamental research into the evolution of both marine and continental floras and faunas at this high paleolatitude locality.This situation,linked to the spirit of scientific collaboration that governs Antarctica thanks to the Antarctic Treaty System,has resulted in innumerable important scientific contributions to date.In this Special Issue,“Geology and Paleontology of the James Ross Basin,Antarctic Peninsula”,the essence of the Antarctic Treaty is honored and celebrated.Ten original scientific works are presented by researchers from ten different countries(Argentina,Australia,Belgium,Canada,Chile,New Zealand,Poland,Spain,UK,USA)in a collaboration that highlights the current state of knowledge of this classic geological site,addressing both highly relevant questions and opening exciting new lines of inquiry for Antarctic Earth Sciences.

    极地科学进展(英文版)的期刊信息

    • 曾用名：极地研究:英文版;Chinese Journal of Polar Science;极地研究(英文);极地研究：英文版;极地科学(英文版);极地研究（英文版）（Chinese Journal of Polar Science)(31-1745/P 1007-7065）;极地研究(英文版)(Chinese Journal of Polar Science)(31-1745/P 1007-7065);Antarctic Research
    • 创刊时间：1990
    • 地区：CN
    • 语言：中文
    • 热门主题：Polar Research Institute of China;Chinese Society for Oceanography
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    • • 中国科学引文数据库（2019-2020）
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