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中国高等学校学术文摘·地球科学

中国高等学校学术文摘·地球科学

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Frontiers of Earth Science in China
涉及领域包括地质学、岩石矿物矿床学、构造地质学、古生物学及地层学（含沉积学）、地震地质学、地球化学、地球物理学、地貌学及第四纪地质学、水文地质、工程地质与环境地质学、找矿勘探与地质工程、海洋地质、地理学、地图学与地理信息系统、地球探测与信息技术等。
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中国高等学校学术文摘·地球科学 >2021年第5期

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  • 摘要：Deep-large faults in the central continental margin of eastern China are well developed. Based on the regularity of spatial and temporal distribution of the faults,four fault systems were divided: the Yanshan orogenic belt fault system, the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt fault system, the Tanlu fault system and the East China Sea shelfbasin-Okinawa trough fault system. The four fault systems exhibit different migration behaviors. The Yanshan orogenic belt fault system deflected from an EW to a NE direction,then to a NNE direction during the Indo-Chinese epoch-Yanshanian epoch. The thrust-nappe strength of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt fault system showed the tendency that the strength was greater in the south and east, but weaker in the north and west. This fault system faulted in the east and folded in the west from the Indo-Chinese epoch to the early Yanshanian epoch. At the same time, the faults also had a diachronous migration from east to west from the Indo-Chinese epoch to the early Yanshanian epoch. On the con-trary, the thrust-nappe strength was greater in the north and west, weaker in the south and east during the late Yanshanian epoch-early Himalayan epoch. The Tanlu fault system caused the basin to migrate from west to east and south to north. The migration regularity of the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system shows that the for mation age became younger in the west. The four fault systems and their migration regularities were respectively the results of four different geodynamic backgrounds. The Yanshan orogenicbelt fault system derived from the intracontinental orogeny.The Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt fault system derived from the collision of plates and intracontinental subduction.The Tanlu fault system derived from the strike-slip movement and the East China Sea shelf basin-Okinawa trough fault system derived from plate subduction and retreat of the subduction belt.
  • 摘要：Systematic results of major and trace element geochemistry and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemistry on detrital sedimentary rocks of Precambrian to Triassic in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains are presented. The rocks are classified into greywaekes or feldspar sandstones,grains of which are the mixtures of mafic rocks, felsic rocks,and quartz + calcite. Total rare earth elements (REE) contents of the rocks increase gradually and negative Eu anomalies become more obvious from Precambrian to Triassic, which may indicate intensifying crustal anatexis. Tectonic setting was stable during the Late Paleozoic, the refore there are obvious negative Ce anomalies. Nd model ages are between 1.6 Ga and 2.4 Ga, which are very similar to those of the Yangtze croton, South Qinling and North Qinling belts and quite different from those of the North China craton. There-fore, provenance of the sedimentary rocks in the Ganzi-Songpan block and Longmen Mountains was the Yangtze craton and/or the Qinling orogen, which evolved on the basis of the Yangtze craton. The correlation between provenances and tectonostratigraphic strata of the western Yangtze craton shows that the source materials should be primarily from Neoproterozoic. Secondary sources were Archean and Paleoproterozoic strata. Triassic clastic sedimentary rocks contain Late Paleozoic mantle-derived materials, represented by the Emeishan Permian flood basalts. Spatial distribution of initial Nd isotopic compositions indicates that denudating areas were in the east and the north and depositing areas of deep water were in the west and the south for the Ganzi-Songpan basin during Triassic.
  • 摘要：This paper considers the lithospheric rheological structure of the East Qinling orogenic belt to explore its geodynamics. The lithospheric rheological structure was calculated by the constraints of the lithospheric temperature structure. The thermal-rheological stratification structures of the lithosphere in the East Qinling orogenic belt present different features from each other within different tectonic units. The hinterland fault-bounded fold zone (HLZ) and the North Qinling thick-skinned imbricated thrust zone (NQL) in the northern half part of the Qinling orogen, with a tempera-ture of 305℃ for the Moho boundary, are characterized by "cold" geotherm, thickened lithosphere and the model C for rheological stratification structure. The South Qinling tectonic zone (SQL), with a mean temperature of 642℃ and a high temperature of 826℃ for the Moho boundary, has obvious features with the model H of"hot" geotherm, thinned lithosphere and intensive rheological behavior within moderate-lower crust and top of the upper mantle. During post-orogenesis, the NQL, being the convergent frontal region of continental subduction beneath the Qinling orogen by both the North China craton (NC) and Yangtze craton (YZ), is in a coexistence period of a dominantly thickened lithosphere and an initial delamination, and the SQL, proba-bly under pluming, has been developing new delamination and underplating and partial melting within the crust in its axel area and recycling for mass and energy (in the forms of heat transfer and convection) between the crust and mantle.
  • 摘要：A type of exfoliated kaolinite was produced by urea-intercalation and original microwave irradiation assisted method. The product was investigated by Fourier trans-formation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and laser particle analysis techniques.FT-IR spectra show that NHCO molecule exists in the intercalated kaolinite. XRD analyses indicate that the kao-linite sheet-like structure was disordered after microwave irradiation. The urea decomposition process and explosion effect between the sheet-like structures of kaolinite under microwave irradiation were discussed. The SEM and BET analyses reveal that the end product is exfoliated kaolinite with thin particles and increased surface area. Size and zeta potential analyses show that the particle size distribution is between 250 nm and 550 nm with normal distribution and the particle is negatively charged. In comparison with the conventional grind method, the process adopted appears to be economic and the exfoliated kaolinite end product may display a significantly enhanced performance in industrial applications.
  • 摘要：Based on the results of a study of regional element abundance in eastern China and the 1:200 000 geochemical surveys in northern Xinjiang, the element geochemical characteristics of the exposed crust in 23 tectonic units of the continent of China are summarized.Compared with the global average abundance of the upper continental crust, the exposed crust of the continent of China is compositionally more evolved than the upper crust of the island arc, but less evolved than the mature Precambrian Canadian shield. The exposed crust of the North China and Yangtze platforms has a lower SiO2 content, but markedly higher CaO and MgO contents due to the presence of widespread carbonate strata, which suggests that we should not neglect the contribution of carbonate rocks in the study of the exposed crust and the element abundance of the upper crust, in comparison with two recently published average compositional models of the global upper continental crust,the exposed crust of the continent of China is depleted in Au,Hg, Mo, Sn, and W, which suggests that their abundance in the present global models is overestimated. The exposed crust of the North China plat form and the Qinling-Dabieshan fold belt to its south has lower μ(238U/204pb) values(8), but other regions of the continent of China exhibit much higher μ values, which implies that the low μ feature of the North China platform and its adjacent regions does not have global significance. Considering the apparent lateral variation in composition of the exposed crust for the tectonic units of the continent of China, there is no adequate reason to take the average upper crust compositional model of the North China platform and its adjacent regions as a reliable composition representative for Chinese and global upper continental crust composition.
  • 摘要：An extra-thick high-quality brown coal was found to have accumulated in the Xianfeng basin in Yunnan Pro-vince, China. There are also abundant sedimentary marks of allochthonous genesis in the extra-thick coalbeds. These gen-esis indicators reveal a new submodel about allochthonous accumulation, which is: the long-distance river transportation of detrital plant and inorganic matter→the sedimentation of detrital plant fan delta + the hypautochthony accumulation of local lakeshore swamp peat→the autochthonous accumula-tion of local lacustrine peat + the sedimentation of fine inor-ganic matter→the mixing and transportation by flood current or weak storm flow or underwater gravity flow→the mechan-ical differentiation and their resedimentation between detrital plant and inorganic matter. This submodel can be called "the double accumulation of lacustrine detrital plant fan delta and underwater gravity flow" or "Xianfeng submodel",which supplements the "allochthonous-hypautochthony lacustrine combination accumulation model" of the extra-thick coalbeds. The combination accumulation model is based on the Fuxin submodel and Fushun submodel in the Chinese Mesozoic and Cenozoic intarcontinental fault basin.
  • 摘要：The Qinshui basin in southeastern Shanxi Province is an important base for coalbed methane explora-tion and production in China. The methane reservoirs in this basin are the Carboniferous and Permian coals. Their thick-ness is strongly controlled by the depositional environments and the paleogeography. In this paper, sedimentological research was undertaken on the outcrop and borehole sections of the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the Qinshui basin and the basin-wide lithofacies paleogeography maps for these two formations have been reconstructed. The Taiyuan Forma-tion is composed of limestones, alttrninous mudstones, silt-stones, silty mudstones, sandstones, and mineable coal seams,with a total thickness varying from 44.9 m to 193.48 m. The coal seams have a thickness ranging between 0.10 and 16.89 m, averaging 7.19 m. During the deposition of the Taiyuan Formation, the northern part of the basin was domi-nated by a lower deltaic depositional system, the central and southern parts were dominated by a lagoon environment, and the southeastern comer was occupied by a carbonate platform setting. Coal is relatively thick in the northern part and the southeastern corner. The Shanxi Formation consists of sand-stones, siltstones, mudstones, and coals, with the limestones being locally developed. The thickness of the Shanxi Forma-tion is from 18.6 m to 213.25 m, with the thickness of coal seams from 0.10 to 10 m and averaging 4.2 m. During the deposition of the Shanxi Formation, the northern part of the Qinshui basin was mainly dominated by a lower deltaic plain distributary channel environment, the central and southern parts were mainly an interdistributary bay environment, and the southeastern part was occupied by a delta front mouth bar environment. The thick coals are distributed in the central and southern parts where an interdistributary bay dominates. It is evident that the thick coal zones of the Taiyuan Formation are consistent with the sandstone-rich belts, mainly located in the areas of the northern lower deltaic plain and south-eastern barrier bar environments, whereas the thick coal zones of the Shanxi Formation coincide with the mudstone-rich belts, located in the areas of the central and southern interdistributary bay environments.
  • 摘要：The features of the faults in the central and north-ern Tibetan plateau are discussed, based on two super-wide band magnetotelluric (MT) sounding profiles belonging to the INDEPTH (Ⅲ)-MT project, which were finished between 1998 and 1999: one is from Deqing to Longweicuo (named line 500), the other is from Naqu to Golmud (line 600). This work assists research on the collision and subduction mode between the India and Asia plates. The MT results show that there is a series of deep faults, F1 to F10, in the central and northern Tibetan plateau. Of these faults, F2 is an earlier main fault which leans to the north, and F1 is a later main overrid-ing fault. The Jiali deep fault zone, which has a very complex space structure, is composed of these two faults. F3, F4 and F5 are super-deep faults. They are high-angle faults and lean a little to the south. The main fault zone of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is composed of these three faults. Because of later activity in the structure, several shallow faults formedin the upper crust with in the Bangong-Nujiang suture. The Tanggula fault zone is composed of two main faults, F6 and F7, and a series of sub-faults. The shallow segments of the main faults are in high angles and the deep segments of main faults are in low angles. These two faults generally lean to the south and extend into the lower crust. The Jinshajiang suture is composed of the Jinshajiang fault (F8) and the Kekexili fault (F9), and there is a series of sub-faults in the upper crust between these two faults. The Jinshajiang suture is a very wide suture caused by continent-continent collision. The Middle Kunlun fault (F10), which is the main structure of the Kunlun fault zone, is a high angle, super-deep fault. It is the north boundary of the Songpan-Ganzi-Kekexili block,Based on the conductive structure of the profile, the southern part of the Middle Kunlun fault belongs to the Tibetanplateau, but it is not certain whether the northern part of the Middle Kunlun fault belongs to the Tibetan plateau. There are conductive bodies stretching from the crust into the upper mantle below the Bangong-Nujiang suture and Jinshajiangsuture. This may suggest heat exchange between the crust and mantle.
  • 摘要：With the rapid development of information technology, automation and computing technologies have been playing an increasingly important role in our society, and many research achievements have been made in recent years. This new journal entitled the International Journal of Automation and Computing (IJAC) provides a window to disseminate quality research contributions in the broad area of automation and computing.
  • 摘要：The origin of native Si-Fe alloy mineral is thought to be related with mantle and aerolite. The native Si-Fe alloy minerals from podiform chromites of the Luobusha ophiolite in the Yarlong Zangbo suture zone were examined by a new method for powder-like diffractograms of small single crystals, using an SMART APEX-CCD area-detector X-ray diffractometer. The powder diffraction pattern shows that the minerals are composed of FeSi, FeSi2, β-FeSi21) and native silicon. The association of these minerals suggests that the crystallization order of the mineral may be from early to late FeSi→FeSi2→,native silicon, accompanied by gradually increasing deoxidization.
  • 摘要：The North Qilian orogenic belt is an elongate tectonic unit that lies between the North China plate to the north and the Middle Qilian microplate to the south, and is formed by a collision of the two plates in the Caledonian. The Shihuigou Section from Yongdeng County, Gansu Province,is in the eastern sector of the North Qilian Mountains, span-ning the Ordovician island-arc zones. The Zhongpu Group is distributed in the Shihuigou area and composed of medium-basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks interspersed with cherts, limestones, slates, and metamorphic sandstones.The geochemistry of chert from the Zhongpu Group reveals that all cherts coexisting with island-arc volcanic rocks formed in a continental margin basin environment. Research results of the rare earth elements reveal that these cherts formed in a relatively deep-water basin with no significant terrestrial interference. Therefore, it is inferred that the North Qilian orogenic belt was previously an archipelagic ocean in the Ordovician.
  • 摘要：A petrochemical analysis was undertaken of peridotitic xenoliths in volcanic rocks that erupted from the Paleozoic to the Cenozoic within the eastern part of the North China craton, and the peridotites as tectonic intrusion in the Early Mesozoic from the Sulu orogen. The results show that the cratonic mantle, which was refractory and existed when the kimberlites intruded in the Paleozoic, had almost been replaced by the newly accreted fertile lithospheric mantle during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic. The erosion, metasomatism,and intermingling caused by the accreted asthenospheric material acting on the craton mantle along the weak zone and deep fault (such as the Tanlu fault) in the existing lithosphere resulted in the lithospheric thinning at a larger scale 100 Ma ago (but later than 178 Ma). The largest thinning would be in the Eogene. The upwelling asthenospheric material transformed into accreted lithospheric mantle due to the asthenospheric temperature failing in the Neogene (leading to relatively slight lithospheric incrassation), and finally accom-plished mantle replacement. The peridotitic body in the Sulu orogen represents the products spreading from the modified cratonic lithospheric mantle.
  • 摘要：The Sr, Nd and O isotopic compositions of the Kalatongke and Xibodu mafic-ultramafic complexes from the southern margin of the Altay orogenic belt show that they have similar isotopic compositions, characterized by low(87Sr/86Sr)t and high ∈Nd(t) values (6.3-9.1). It suggests that they were derived from a depleted asthenospheric mantle.However, most of the samples have δ18O values >6‰(5.4‰-10.2‰), indicating crustal contamination. A combi-nation of Sr and O isotopic data shows the incorporation of crustal materials into the depleted mantle. They were pro-duced by the melting of depleted mantle by the incorporation of subducted oceanic crust, and this incorporation might have occurred in the Early Paleozoic in the light of their Nd modelages and regional tectonics. The Kalatongke complex mighthave undertaken the contamination of the upper crust whereas the Xibodu complex does not have any signature of contami-nation of the upper crust. In addition, the similarities of the sources of the two complexes, which were located at the northern and southern sides of the regional Irtysh fault zone respectively, suggest that this fault might not be the boundary between the Altay and Junggar orogenic belts.
  • 摘要：Two hundred and eighty-one samples, collected from drilling core NS93-5 located in the Nansha area of the South China Sea, were used to study the magnetic character-istics of the sediments in the sea. Detailed rock magnetic results show that the magnetic minerals of the sediments were dominated by ferrimagnetic minerals such as magnetite,and a small contribution of hematite and maghematite also existed. The sediments recorded three negative values of remanence magnetic inclination at the depth: 191-206 cm,232-248 cm, and 292-308 cm. The corresponding ages of these negative values were 65.87-68.7 ka B.P., 73.4-80.8 ka B.P. And 108.4-113.6 ka B.P., respectively, according to stratigraphy of oxygen isotope, 14>C, and the age of a volca-nic ash layer. The negative value during 108.4-113.6 ka B.P.may be the record of a Blake event in the sediments of the Nansha area.
  • 摘要：The appearance of coelenterates marks the real beginning ofmetazoan evolution. It therefore has a prominent position in the origin and evolutionary history of organisms,and is also a pivotal question of evolutionary biology.Punctatus is an extinct, ancient marine animal from the early stage of the Cambrian explosion, occurring at. The lowermost Cambrian of both Kuanchuanpu (Ningqiang, Shaanxi) and Maidiping (Emei, Sichuan) areas. Punctatus has been studied for many years since the discovery of its fragments. System-atic and phylogenetic analysis has long been limited because of the rarity of complete specimens. In order to improve research into Punctatus, more than ten thousand globular fossils were recovered by means of "Chemistry Retting". On the basis of the study of these globular fossils, a series of Punctatus fossils with cone parts and finely preserved soft-tissue mouthparts and fossilized metazoan embryo were recovered. Through research on characteristics such as shape,modality and structure of these fossils symbiotic with Punctatus emeiensis, the author found many possible embryo fossils including the evidence of gastrula-stage animal fossils.The sequence of fetation might have appeared on the corol-liform oral region of Punctatus emeiensis. A study of the soft tissues, functional morphology and the sequence of embryo fossils shows evidence that Punctatus resembles coelenterate polyps in systematic classification. Perhaps it also represents an ancestor of the coelenterate with an original tentacle. A comparison with the real "tentacle animal" found in the Chengjiang Fauna, shows that the original tentacle is very tiny and its function range is limited. This reveals the primi-tive nature of the animal. Although the original tentacle is so small, it does exist, representing the first big step towards the real flexible tentacle with a strong function from the early evolving tentacle.
  • 摘要：The Liushuigou intermediate-basic meta-igneous complex at Guanzizhen, Tianshui area, is mainly composed of metagabbro, metagabbro diorite and metadiorite, while the Baihua basic meta-igneous complex consists mainly of pyroxenite, gabbro (gabbro diorite), diorite and quartz diorite.They form a relatively complete comagmatic evolutionary series. The geochemical characteristics of intermediate-basic igneous rocks indicate that they belong to a tholeiite suite.Their chondrite-normalized REE patterns are nearly flat and are LREE-slightly enriched type, and their primitive mantle-normalized and MORB-normalized trace element spider-grams are generally similar; the LILEs Cs, Ba, Sr, Th and U are enriched, while Rb and K and the HFSEs Nb, P, Zr,Sm, Ti and Y are depleted. All these show comagmatic evolu-tionary and genetic characteristics. The tectonic environment discrimination by trace element reveals that these igneous complexes formed in an island-arc setting. The Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) single-grain zircon U-Pb age for the Liushuigou intermediate-basic meta-igneous rocks in the Guanzizhen area is (507.5 ± 3.0) Ma, represent-ing the age of these igneous complexes, which indicates that island-arc-type magmatite rocks in the northern zone of West Qinling are Late Cambrian and also reveals that the timing of subduction of the paleo-ocean basin represented by the Guanzizhen ophiolite and resulting island-arc-type magrnaticactivity are probably Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician.
  • 摘要：Sediment mass volumes for periods since the Oligocene (E33, N11, N13, N13, N2, and Q) in the South China Sea (SCS) were calculated on the basis of geological and geophysical data including ODP borehole data. Above the pre-Oligocene base, the estimated sediment volume is 7.01 x 106×km3 and the mass is 1.44 × 1016t for the entire SCS, with an average sedimentation rate of 6.22 cm/ka and accumulation rate of 12.8g/(cm2·ka) since the Oligocence,Most of the sediment was deposited on the continent shelf and slope, while only 5% of the total mass accumulated in the Central Basin. Sediment basins on shelf and slope occupy 34% of the entire SCS area bounded by the 2 000 m thickness contour, but receive more than 82% of the total sediment mass, indicating that sediment basins played a central role of sedimentary process in the SCS. The highest sedimentation rate and the largest mass volume occurred in the Oligocene SCS, which is quite different from global sedimentation rate patterns. Therefore, we conclude that deposition in marginal seas was primarily controlled by local tectonics.
  • 摘要：无
  • 摘要：A morphologically more diverse assemblage of Longfengshaniaceae has been found in the uppermost Ediacaran (Sinian) Jiucheng Member, Yuhucun Formation at Jinning and Jiangchuan, eastern Yunnan, South China. A majority of them are different from the Longfengshania found in the Neoproterozoic Changlongshan Formation, Yanshan Mountain area, North China and the Little Dal Group, North America. They are mainly characterized by a more varied, often thallus-like appearance with no branches, such as oval, pyriform, spindle, shovel, heart, ribbon and balloon shapes, and more sturdy stalk-like projection (stipe) with a smooth connection on the basal part of the thallus. In addition, they appear to have a remarkable attaching organ of lanceolate, shuttle-like or short stem-like structure at the base of the stipe. Six distinct morphological taxa are recognized, including one new genus, two new species and three conformis species. The characteristics of the family and the genus Longfengshania are further discussed in this paper. The new discoveries of these carbonaceous macrofossils identified as Longfengshaniaceae algae on the basis of the diagnostic forms and anastomosis patterns of their thalli and stipes demonstrate that an important evolutionary radiation of metaphytes took place in the last Ediacaran stage. The flourishing of the benthonic thallophytes attached to the substrate from eastern Yunnan and considered to be photosynthetic alga probably provided continuous nutritional habitats for the explosion and diversification of the Early Cambrian "Chengjiang biota".
  • 摘要：In order to investigate the distribution characteristics of stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in the desert plant Reaumuria soongorica, the δ13C values of leaves were measured in 407 individuals of 21 populations. Soil physicochemical properties including soil water content, soil total dissolved solids, soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus and soil organic content were also analyzed in order to survey the major factors influencing δ13C values on spatial variation. Leaves and soil samples were simultaneously collected from the ten major distribution areas in Northwest China at altitudes from 394 m to 1 987 m above sea level, at latitudes from 36°10'N to 44°33'N, and at longitudes from 81°43'E to 106°37'E. These ten areas include Shihezi, Baicheng, Yiwu areas in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Anxi, Zhangye, Baiyin, Lanzhou areas in Gansu Province; Shapotou, Yin- chuan areas in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region; and Alashan County in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The results show that the δ13C value of R. soongorica ranges from -22.77‰ to -29.85‰ with an average of-26.52‰. Foliar δ13C values in R. soongorica are not significantly correlated with altitude, latitude or longitude, and a spatial distribution trend of δ13C values ofR. soongorica is not obvious on a large scale. However, when δ13C values of two R. soongorica populations under the same climate conditions are compared, δ13C values increase obviously from east to west and from north to south. As none of the soil total dissolved solids, soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus, and soil organic content shows a uniform trend from east to west and from north to south, we suppose that the small-scaled spatial distribution pattern of δ13C values of R. soongorica is mainly controlled by the soil water content.
  • 摘要：Based on the high-resolution body wave tomo- graphic image and relevant geophysical data, we calculated the form and the vertical and tangential velocities of mantle flow. We obtained the pattern of mantle convection for East Asia and the West Pacific. Some important results and under- standings are gained from the images of the vertical velocity of mantle flow for East Asia and the West Pacific. There is an upwelling plume beneath East Asia and West Pacific, which is the earth's deep origin for the huge rift valley there. We have especially outlined the tectonic features of the South China Sea, which is of the "工" type in the upper mantle shield type in the middle and divergent in the lower; the Siberian clod downwelling dives from the surface to near Core and mantle bounary (CMB), which is convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle; the Tethyan subduction region, centered in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, is visible from 300 to 2 000 km, which is also convergent in the upper mantle and divergent in the lower mantle. The three regions of mantle convection beneath East Asia and the West Pacific are in accordance with the West Pacific, Ancient Asia and the Tethyan structure regions. The mantle upwelling orig- inates from the core-mantle boundary and mostly occurs in the middle mantle and the lower part of the upper mantle. The velocities of the vertical mantle flow are about 1-4 cm per year and the tangential velocities are 1-10 cm per year. The mantle flow has an effect on controlling the movement of plates and the distributions of ocean ridges, subduction zones and collision zones. The mantle upwelling regions are clearly related with the locations ofhotspots on the earth's surface.
  • 摘要：The Dajishan deposit is a well-known tungsten and niobium-tantalum deposit in China. Due to the technolo- gical restrictions, little work has been done on the ages of ore-forming and related granite in Dajishan for a long time. By means of the single-zircon U-Pb isotopic method, the intrusion age is reported in this paper, which is (151.7±1.6) Ma for a patched granite body (the source granite for Nb-Ta). By quick neutron mobilization method, an 40Ar-39Ar age of mica from the major ore vein is determined, yielding ore-forming ages of 144 Ma and 147 Ma. Combining these age data with the occurrences of the main granite body, the patched body, the major ore veins and Na-Ta mineralization, the paper dis- cusses their formation orders and relationships. These data also show that the Dajishan granite and its related mineraliza- tions are the product of magmatism in the middle Yanshanian stage and a part of the secondary large-scale mineralization in the Mesozoic.
  • 摘要：This paper presents the fractal distribution of topography of seamounts from the West Pacific and the resource quantity of cobalt crust therein. The cobalt resource quantity has three to four variable fractal dimensions, corre- sponding to the distinct slopes and water depths of the sea- mount. The multiple fractal property of resource quantity may have resulted from various factors, such as types and components of cobalt crusts and ages of oceanic crusts host- ing the seamounts. Individual seamounts display complex topography and quantity of cobalt crust, both in the same and different regions.
  • 摘要：Many achievements have been made in experi- mental studies of hydrocarbon migration in the clastic reser- voir. On the other hand, few migration experiments have been reported in the carbonate reservoir simulation realm. This article is a tentative experimental study on hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in the carbonate reservoir, which is a complex media that includes a pore system and fracture system. This microcosmic experiment simulates oil-water displacement using a real core model. Plentiful seepage phe- nomena were observed in the microcosmic experiments. Three kinds of pathways were found in the plane: parallel pathway, oblique-cross pathway and network pathway. Three types of flow were found: continuous flow, sectioning flow and their combination. Three driving fronts were found in the experiment: piston front, encircle front and impulse front. All these vary with many factors such as fluid pressure, oil satura- tion, fissure configuration and wettability, and these factors affect each other. The results show that the relation between the fluid pressure and volume of flow is a complex segment- ing correlation, instead of a simple positive correlation like the pipe flow that follows Darcy's law. The relation between fluid pressure and the speed of flow also follows the same correlation. Speed of flow relates to the angle and width of the fissure. Speed of flow in the wide fissure that has an acute angle with the pressure gradient is faster than that in a narrow fissure with a high angle with the pressure gradient.
  • 摘要：The lithosphere of northeastern China is composed of the Erguna, Xingan, Songnen, Jiamusi blocks and Mesozoic Wandashan accretionary complex from west to east. Nd isotope model ages indicate that the Xingan and Songnen blocks have the same Nd model ages ranging from 500 to 1 000 Ma. These are obviously younger than those of the Jiamusi block (1 500-2 000 Ma) and the Erguna block (1 500-1 700 Ma), reflecting the different evolutions of indi- vidual blocks in the early times. Geochemical tracing analysis shows that the Nd model ages of Paleozoic supercrustal rocks in the four blocks are dominantly Mesoproterozoic, while those of Mesozoic granites are mainly Neoproterozoic. It is shown that the crust ages of the region are characterized by being younger in the lower part and older in the upper part. The Os isotope analysis also indicates that the lithosphere mantle of the region is characteristic of a younger age. The P-wave velocities of the region show more complicated struc- tures in lithosphere and asthenosphere. First of all, notably different from traditional concept of the seismic lithosphere, the low velocity zone of the lithosphere beneath the region has no persistent and continuous top interface which is highly varied in depth and intersected with the high velocity layers, forming sharp velocity discontinuities beneath major tectonic belts, even up to the Moho beneath some tectonic units. But the bottom interface of the low velocity zone is relatively per- sistent, occurring at a depth of 230-240 km. Another feature is that the lithosphere is characterized by an "overpass type" velocity structure vertically, in which the contoured velocity is distributed in the NE trending within the crust, in a nearly NS trending in the lithosphere mantle from a depth of 45 to 90 km, in a nearly EW trending in the upper part of the asthe- nosphere from 90 to 170 km and in a ring-like distribution with a diameter of about 300 km in the lower part of the asthenosphere from 170 to 240 km. The P-wave velocity is progressively increasing from 240 to 400 km.
  • 摘要：Fluid inclusions that bear halite daughter min- erals were discovered in volcanic rocks at Pingnan area in the Dongying sag. The samples of the fluid inclusions collected from the BGX-15 well drill cores are hosted in quartz of diorite-porphyrite. The daughter minerals are identified as NaCl crystals after being observed under a microscope and analyzed by in situ Raman spectroscopy at -185℃. The results of micro-thermal analysis show that the homogeniza- tion temperatures of primary fluid inclusions are between 359 and 496℃, and the salinities of fluid inclusions are from 43.26 to 54.51 wt-%. All fluid inclusions in the studied sam- ples can be divided into five types including primary fluid inclusions and secondary fluid inclusions. The fact that five types of fluid inclusions were symbiotic in the same quartz grain implies that immiscibility happened in magma. Due to the decrease in temperature and pressure during the ascent of magma, the fluids became intensively immiscible. This pro- cess accelerates the degassing of CO2 from magma, but the remnant fluids with high salinity are preserved in fluid inclu- sions. Thus, the primary fluid inclusions are mainly in NaCl- H2O fluids and poor in CO2. The results of our study indicate that the degassing of magma and accumulation of CO2 gas at the Pingnan area are relative to the immiscibility of high salinity fluids. This discovery is important because it can help us have a further understanding of the mechanism of magma degassing and accumulation of the inorganic CO2 in eastern China.
  • 摘要：Recent mineral exploration in the Gangdise porphyry copper deposit belt, an important component of the Himalaya-Tethyan metallogenic belt, has led to the discovery of a number of deposits, as exemplified by the world-class Miocene Qulong porphyry Cu deposit. This paper reviews major advances in the studies of ore genesis and metallogenic regularity and progresses in mineral exploration of porphyry Cu deposits in the belt. Existing problems and suggestion for future exploration also are given.
  • 摘要：The Daba Mountains define the southern margin of the East Qinling orogenic belt, and form the boundary of the Sichuan basin in the north and northeast. The Daba Mountains can be divided into two structural belts by the NW-striking Chengkou fault, namely the northern Dabashan thrust-nappe belt and the southern Dabashan foreland fold- and-thrust belt. The southern Dabashan fold-and-thrust belt is a southwestward extruding thin-skinned thrust wedge, showing obvious belted change in deformation style and deformation intensity along the dip direction, and can be divided further into three sub-belts, i.e. the imbricate thrust sub-belt characterized by imbricate stepped-thrust sheets, the thrust-fold sub-belt characterized by the combination of the equally-developed thrusts and related folds, and the detachment-fold sub-belt characterized by box folds and closed overtumed-isoclinal folds on the outcrops. Several kinds of structures have been recognized or inferred, includ- ing imbricate thrust system, passive-roof duplex (triangle zone), fault-related folds, back-thrust system and pop-up structure. The NE-SW compressive stress from the Qinling orogenic belt and detachment layers in the covering strata are the two most important determinants of deformation style. After the collision between the North China block and Yang- tze block at the end of the Middle Triassic, the northward intracontinental subduction along the southern edge of the Qinling orogenic belt was initiated, which led to the corre- sponding southward thrusting in the upper crust. The thrust- ing propagated towards the foreland through the Jurassic and extended to the southernmost part of the southern Daba Mountains around the end of the Early Cretaceous, with thrusting deformation to be preferentially developed along major detachment layers and progressing upwards from the Lower Sinian through the Lower Cambrian and Silurian to Middle-Lower Triassic.
  • 摘要：Gas hydrate is a recently-found new source of energy that mostly exists in marine sediments. In recent years, we have conducted gas hydrate exploration in the South China Sea. The Xisha trough, one of the promising target areas for gas hydrate, is located in the northern margin of the South China Sea, adjacent to several large oil and gas fields. The Xisha trough extends 420 km long with the water depth of 1 500 m in the west part and 3 400 m in the east part and deposits thick sediments with organic matter content of 0.41%-1.02%. Previous studies on topographical features, geological P-T conditions, structural geology, sedimentary geology and geophysical bottom simulating reflectors (BSR) in the Xisha trough suggest that this area is favorable for the formation and accumulation of gas hydrate. In this paper, we present geochemical analyses for the sediment and pore water from a piston core at Site XS-01 in the Xisha trough. Seven pore water samples were analyzed for their anion (Cl-, SO42-, Br-, I-) contents, cation (Na, K, Ca, Mg) contents and trace element (Li, B, Sr, Ba, Rb, Mn) contents. Eight sediment samples were analyzed for stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions. A number of geochemical anomalies such as anions (e.g. Cl-, SO42-), cations (e.g. Ca, Mg) and trace elements (e.g. Sr, Ba, B) were found in this study. For example, the concentrations of Cl- and SO42- in pore water show a decreasing trend with depth. The estimated sulfate/ methane interface (SMI) is only 18 m, which is quite similar to the SMI value of 23 m in the ODP164 Leg 997 at Blake Ridge. The Ca, Mg and Sr concentrations of pore water also decrease with depth, but concentrations of Ba, and Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios increase with depth. These geochemical anomalies are quite similar to those found in gas hydrate loca- tions in the world such as the Blake Ridge and may be related to the formation and dissociation of gas hydrates. The salt exclusion effect during the gas hydrate formation will cause an increase in major ion concentrations in the pore waters that diffused upward such as Cl. The anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO) may lead to the change of SO42- and other cations such as Ca, Mg, Sr and Ba in pore water. Low δ13C value of authigenic carbonates is a good indicator for gas hydrate occurrence. However, the bulk sediment samples we analyzed all show normal δ13C values similar to biogenic marine car- bonates, and this may also suggest that no gas hydrate-related authigenic carbonates exist or their amount is so small that they are not detectable by using this bulk analytical method. In conclusion, we suggest that the Site XS,01 in the Xisha trough of the northern margin of the South China Sea is a potential target for further gas hydrate exploration.

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