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运动科学：英文版

运动科学：英文版

Journal of Sports Science is an international, scholarly and peer-reviewed journal (print and online) published bimonthly by David Publishing Company, USA, which was founded in 2001. It publishes articles of a high standard on various aspects of the sports sciences covering a number of disciplinary bases, including Sports Management; Sports Anatomy; Exercise Physiology; Exercise Biochemistry; Sports Trauma; Sports Training; Sports Psychology; Sports Practice and Analysis; Sports Humanities and Sociology; Physical Education Teaching; Sports Law; Sports Industry and Market Development; Sports News; Sports English; Sports Tourism, as well as ergonomics, kinanthropometry and other interdisciplinary perspectives. The journal is published in English. Accepted papers will immediately appear online followed by printed in hard copy.
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  • 发文量：225
  • 被引量：4
  • H指数：0
  • 开始收录时间：2013(1)
  • CNKI综合因子：0.0
  • 维普期刊影响因子： 0
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  • 创刊时间：2013
  • 国内刊号/CN：-
    国际刊号/ISSN：2332-7839
  • 发行周期：双月刊
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  • 主管单位：美国大卫出版公司
    主办单位：美国大卫出版公司
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运动科学：英文版 >2023年第1期

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  • 摘要：In modern Volleyball,the block action differentiates the world-class teams.The purpose of this study is to understand what determines the action of the middle blocker in the moment that precedes the technical procedure of the block.The sample consisted of n4895 actions from 24 middle blockers,representing 30 footages of games from the 1st male volleyball division in the Portuguese league on season 2013/2014.We have also recorded the type of setting(ball tempo)of the opposing setter and the area where the opposing attack occurred.The chi-squared test analysis allowed us to establish that there is a relationship between the actions and the attack zones(x2=109.956;p≤0.001),as well as between the actions and the type of setting,in each attack zone(x2=3,523.678;p≤0.001 in all of them).Thus,we have verified that the action performs block but does not make contact with the ball that is the most frequent.We have also established that there is a strong tendency for the middle blocker to attempt to carry out the block in zones 3 and 4,to the detriment of the attack performed in defensive zone.
  • 摘要：AP(anaerobic power)output is an important physical characteristic that is required to succeed in sports such as wrestling.The Wingate test is considered the Gold Standard for assessing AP but is not specific to the sport of wrestling.The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of a novel field test known as the LWAPT(Lopez wrestling anaerobic power test)for the assessment of AP.The participants were male high school wrestlers(n=10,age:17.0±0.8 yrs,mass:70.9±10.2 kgs).The participants met on one occasion in order to complete the testing protocol.The protocol initiated with the participants completing a 10-15 minute dynamic WU(warm-up)that included three practice dummy throw attempts(dummy mass=31.75 kgs).Following the dynamic WU(≈5 minutes),the participants performed two trials of the LWAPT.In order to perform the LWAPT,wrestlers stood behind the wrestling dummy in a squat position with legs bent at 45-90 degrees.Next the wrestlers wrapped their arms around the waist of the dummy and on the signal“go”the wrestlers quickly exploded up,lifting the dummy by getting triple extension with the ankles,knees and hips as one would in a power clean.After the wrestler was fully extended,he turned in midair in order to drive the dummy onto its stomach on the ground,where the wrestler was on top of the back of the dummy(a common position after an opponent has been thrown).The participant then repositioned the dummy to the original position to execute another throw.The participants completed as many dummy throws as possible during the one minute trials.The LWAPT trials were separated by 15 minutes.The trial scores were 15.6±2.5 and 17.2±1.5 throws respectively.The interclass and intraclass reliability coefficients were r=0.84 and ICC=0.80.The standard error of the measure was SEm=1.0 throws with 90%confidence limits of UL:1.7,LL:0.7.The mean difference between trials was 1.6±1.4 throws(90%confidence limits of UL:2.4,LL:0.8).Bland-Altman plots suggested agreement between trials with no evidence of heteroscedasticity.The LWAPT exhibits moderate to high reliability as an assessment of AP.The inclusion of additional dummy throw trials to the assessment protocol may enhance the degree of reliability of the dummy throw test as a measure of AP.
  • 摘要：The koshiwari(Sumo Squat)is a traditional exercise used for basic training for sumo wrestling,the national sport of Japan.This study compares and analyzes the kinetics and kinematics of the koshiwari and squat with wide-stance(WSQ)to provide insight related to the mechanical features of the koshiwari.Optical three-dimensional automatic analysis instruments were used to measure movements of 11 men during exercises.A force platform was used to measure floor reactions.Two movements were analyzed:koshiwari and WSQ.The koshiwari and WSQ were compared as analytical objectives,using paired t-tests corresponding to correction joint angles,angular impulse,and joint torques with the level of significance set under 5%.Koshiwari was found to involve markedly greater excursions of abduction(maximum and minimum angle,correction angle to 20%-60%)and external rotation(maximum and minimum angle)at the hip compared with the WSQ,as well as markedly less hip flexion(maximum angle,correction angle 10%-90%)and torso forward tilt(maximum angle,correction angle 30%-100%).Koshiwari also involved greater extension-flexion axis,abduction-adduction axis,external rotation-internal rotation axis angular impulse and flexion(10%-100%),adduction(40%-60%),and external rotation(20%)torques at the hip than WSQ exercises.Results suggest that hip external rotation torque is attributable to hip external rotator muscle activity.The activity can apparently reduce the risk of ACL(Anterior cruciate ligament)injuries and patellofemoral pain syndrome and improve athletic performance.
  • 摘要：The present research is about learning&performing term of new innovated techniques and further effects on selected/experienced wrestlers in age level of adolescents and adults at Tehran city with regard to new rules®ulations in wrestling.Firstly after describing of techniques,all wrestlers reached a suitable body readiness through various physical exercises.Then after complete learning and performing of mental experiences,they could implement the concerned techniques as professional as possible.Since they should be performed in compliance with new rules of wrestling within short terms and with minimum energy consumption,they are really profitable for all wrestlers at professional levels as well.
  • 摘要：The purpose of this study is to verify the physiological effect and describe the intensity of training in response to internal and external loads,through Session Rate of Perceived Exertion and Speed High Intensity Distance in Meters reports,on professional soccer players engaged in weekly training(199 Sessions,43 weeks)and league games(32 official matches).Twenty-two male professional soccer players(n=22)of the Italian national championship under-19 are involved in this study during the season 2014-2015.Daily,Weekly and Monthly RPE(perceived exertion)Session(Borg CR-10 Scale)is a good indicator of the amount of work done:training time multiplied by perceived effort(TL=Training Time×RPE).With Arbitrary units(a.u.)produced by the individual and used for team-based data analysis,we analyze the intensity produced by workout depending on the working time.Furthermore,by means of global positioning system technology(K-Sport,Montelabbate PU,Italy 10 Hz),we statistically established the existing relationship with high intensity speed distance(>16 km/h)and session rate of perceived exertion to describe how the internal(represented by the sum of the stresses that the body undergoes an external load;is strictly subjective)and external loads(the objective quantification of the means used in training km routes,running speed,slope,type of recovery),are correlated(r=0.87,p<0.01,95%CI).The statistical analysis highlights how these methods are suitable to quantifying the high-intensity work done by the soccer player during the workout and the game.
  • 摘要：Rotational knee laxity is known as an intrinsic risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injury.However,there was no convenient way to measure rotational range of motion.To this end,we developed the RotorMeter,a non-invasive external device intended to measure rotational range of motion of the knee.The purpose of this study is to use the RotorMeter to clarify the characteristics pertaining to the rotational range of motion of knee in healthy participants under varying conditions.A total of 23 healthy participants participated in the study.Torques of 2.5,5.0,and 7.5 Nm were applied at 90°,60°,and 30°angles of knee flexion to measure the rotational range of motion of knee using the RoterMeter.Female participants showed larger rotational range of motion than the males,and no laterality was observed at any flexion angle and applied torque.When different torques were applied at the same flexion angle,rotational range of motion significantly increased at all flexion angles with increased torque.When the same torque was applied at different flexion angles,no significant difference in rotational range of motion was observed at any of the flexion angles.
  • 摘要：The Conconi test is an incremental exercise test characterised by stages of equal work.For analysis PO(power output)and HR(heart rate)are used.The deflection point of the HR/PO graph marks the point where the linear relation between PO and HR changes to a curvilinear one.HR at deflection point correlates with the anaerobic threshold.The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of HR at deflection point of tests in cycling.In literature,only one study with tests in running examined the reproducibility of the Conconi test.Nineteen trained subjects performed 4 Conconi tests on an electronically breaked cycle ergometer on different days.Finally,68 graphs of the PO/HR relationship were analysed by computer software as well as by three different observers.HRs at deflection point of the 4 Conconi tests of every subject were compared and coefficients of variation(CVs)were calculated.Mean CVs of HR at deflection point per subject were 3.36%for the computer program and for the three observers 2.99%,2.51%and 2.53%,respectively.CVs below 3.5%represent a good reproducibility.The agreement between the three observers was statistically good with an ICC(intraclass correlation coefficients)of 0.828.The mean range of HR at deflection point per Conconi test comparing the three observers was 4.5 bpm corresponding 2.7%of HR at deflection point.
  • 摘要：In the contemporary age traditional games could be a way to debate and establish a comparison of knowledge carriers to communicate methodologies of good practices adopted and experiences in the use in the protection, conservation and safeguarding of cultural heritage. Different intellectual approaches(1,2,3)defined traditional games are an expression of a country?s cultural background, beliefs and passions as well as reflect the living conditions at the time of their creation. Traditional games seem to have developed similarly through the ages in various parts of Europe even though these were distant from each other. Traditional children’s games could be goal of project to incorporate elements of traditional children’s (outdoor) games in the design of an intelligent, interactive playground.
  • 摘要：The purpose was to create a stabilometric platform to analyze the rider’s balance. After anatomical and saddle’s mark study, four bones support points representing the rider’s base were determined, that will allow the construction of our rider posture diagnostic aid platform. The sensors profile was realized and the stirrups dynamometers were calibrated through an extensometry study. To validate by comparison with a stabilometric platform (OIML 6000 sensors), one series of 28 observations under the same conditions were carried out (the two platforms adjusted one on the other), statistical analyses on the X and Y axis were performed with normality distribution test (S-W), t test and non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test (p-value > 0.05). To analyze our two methods of measuring the centre of pressure position, a Bland-Altman analysis has been plotted and the intra class correlation value computed. The Bland-Altman graph showed a small bias value (-0.4 ± 0.8mm) with acceptable limits of agreement for rider balance analyses. The results of the present study suggested that the new platform was accurate and reliable and could be used for further prospective studies in order to optimize the rider’s posture and preserve the horse’s health.
  • 摘要：The article describes the exemplary organization of the 2017 World Championships in Paris in Greco-Roman, freestyle and women’s wrestling. The results of the world championships of 2011, 2015 and 2017 among the continents were analyzed and summed up. The development potential of the leading wrestling countries of the world is revealed. The specific proposals of the international federation (UWW and the “United World of Struggle”) have been made.
  • 摘要：Background: Young soccer players’injuries are receiving increased interest. The need of adopting injury prevention strategies to reduce financial, social and sport costs is obligated. The main purpose of this study is to analyse clinical characteristics of young soccer players in order to develop specific and effective injury prevention programs. Methods: This observational, transversal study includes 25 young soccer players from Spanish National League. Strength, motor control, flexibility and range of motion characteristics were analysed before the first preseason training. Results: Statistically significant differences were found for hip internal rotation (p value=0.001), Thomas test (p value =0.012) and ankle dorsiflexion test (p value=0.009) between both sides. Dorsiflexion test showed a positive correlation with the hip internal rotation ROM (p<0.016) and with the triple hop test (p<0.007). The hip internal rotation ROM showed a positive correlation with the Thomas test (p<0.033) and with the single leg squat test (p < 0.008). The drop jump test showed a positive correlation with the single leg squat test (p<0.039). Conclusions: Clinical characteristics shown in this study should be taken into account in order to develop specific injury prevention for this specific population. Moreover, data shown in this study can be used as norm values for young soccer semi-professional players in future researches.
  • 摘要：The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between functional ankle instability and collegiate female football players’ performance. Ankle instability was defined as functional instability based on the Karlsson score. All participants underwent performance tests (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1, 20 m and 40 m Sprint, Bounding test, Shuttle run, Figure-of-8 hop test, and Side hopping). A positive relationship was observed between functional ankle instability and performance deficits on the Figure-of-8 hop test. However, functional ankle instability is thought to have an influence on football performance. In the performance tests, the results suggest the necessity of a new evaluation method with more difficult tests incorporating football movements, subjective “pain” and “instability” indices, and mechanical instability.
  • 摘要：The aim of this research was to analyze the PPM of Armenian Premier League using 25 GPS 10 Hz(K-Sport,Montelabbate,Italy),in order to compare data from literature from major European championship.In total 25 matches were analyzed from one team militant in Armenian Premier League(10 wins,10 loses and 5 draws),33 different players(age 24.3±4.2,height 1.76±4.2 and weight 74±3.5)and in total 270 performances(10.8 for matches).Matches were divided in First Half(T1),Second Half(T2),Second Half Substitution(T2 Sub),Full Match,Full Match Substitution(Full Match Sub)and Total Match(Total)that include all the players detected during a games.Furthermore,all matches were divided even by quarters 0-15,15-30,30-45,45-60,60-75 and 75-90,only players that played all match were included in this analyses,in order to check the performance decreasing during the time.All data were added in an Excel Spreadsheet in order to build a database,to organize and better analyze data,cataloging events for data,results,and role of players.Average data from Armenian Premier League in comparison with literature data from European and Italian Championship show that in every parameter,the Armenian Premier League is under the average.This is obviously related to the non-high level of the Armenian football that is in fact placed at the 106°place of the FIFA ranking(update 7 June 2019).Physical data represent an indicator of performance but also of the qualitative level of the league and of individual players.For this reason,the use of the match analysis can be decisive to verify the PPM,in order to better evaluate the championships,teams,and players,in order to build an easier search and discovery of talents.
  • 摘要：Extracurricular physical activity(EPA)complements the recommendations of daily physical activity and directly influences children’s physical fitness.The main objective of this study was to understand the effect of EPA practice on students’physical fitness.It is a sample of 51 students of the fifth year schooling(62.7%girls and 37.3%boys)with an average of 10.2 years of age.It is an observational study,with two groups,one of non-participation in EPA=17 and the other of participation in EPA=34.Data collection was performed at a public school in the Lisbon area through the Fitnessgram Test Battery and a validated questionnaire for research purposes in order to understand the sociodemographic variables and practice of EPA.The cardiorespiratory variables,BMI and muscular strength were evaluated through specific tests of each physical capacity.The data were collected at the beginning and end of the school year.Between the two moments there were significant differences in all variables,assuming a non-significant value for the right inferior flexibility p=0.149.There was improvement in all variables except the BMI,which showed an increase at the end of the year,with a mean magnitude,ES=0.49.
  • 摘要：It is known that exercise has positive therapeutic effects on mental illness,but the mechanisms of action are still little studied.Based on the correlation of literature data,this work shows that progressive strength training exercises result in increased blood somatotropic concentration,which may lead to an improvement in the well-psychosocial state,and a combination of running,calisthenic exercises and recreational activities induces the increase in plasma testosterone,with positive effects on depression,schizophrenia,anxiety,bipolar affective disorder.Increasing testosterone in elderly men as a result of high-intensity interval training could result in preventing or treating cognitive decline.
  • 摘要：The Sports Garbage Pickup Tournament is a sports event that incorporates elements of competition into cleaning activities,as opposed to traditional cleaning activities.As of the end of December 2016,a total of 552 Sports Garbage Pickup Tournaments have been held,mobilizing a cumulative total number of 62,989 people.As each tournament brings a revenue of over 300,000 yen,the total sales so far would be more than 165,000,000 yen.This game was recently reported on the International Olympic Committee channel.The garbage issue,a social problem for local communities,should be solved by residents,visitors,and workers themselves through sports,cooperating with local governments.This is an eco-friendly sport aimed at“solving local social problems through sports.”Sports Garbage Pickup Tournaments can be held anywhere,inside the city or in a natural environment.In addition,the competition allows participants to visually understand the environmental capacity of garbage produced in the community,as the points are weighted according to the types of garbage.The Sports Garbage Pickup Tournament is an educational program for sustainable development with emphasis on experience,pursuit,and practice,and also an action-based program aimed at promoting spontaneous action.This is an optimal competition for participants to acquire skills through mutual communication.As children,adults,and people with disabilities can play together,the competition will promote communication across the generations.
  • 摘要：This paper studies and analyzes the basic situation of the marathon in Hubei Province in recent years by means of literature,field investigation and comparative analysis.It is concluded that:the number,scale and scope of marathon events in Hubei Province are increasing year by year.Inadequacies:low overall cultural literacy of participants,poor quality of the event service,further upgrading for the coverage and project setting,and lack of marketization of the event.Suggestions:improve the cultural literacy of participants in the event;comprehensively improve the service quality of the event;rationally adjust the event items and coverage;deeply explore the level of event development and realize the sustainable development of the marathon in Hubei Province.
  • 摘要：Background: The universal goniometer is commonly used to measure knee range of movement in clinical practice. However, research has demonstrated that the universal goniometer lacks reliability failing to meet the standard of clinically acceptable error (5°). Objective: This study tested the concurrent validity and intra-rater reliability of a photographic based “app” developed for feedback in sport, the Hudl Ubersense App, as an alternative instrument for measuring knee range of movement. Methods: Measurements of knee range of movement were made concurrently with the electrogoniometer (the gold standard) and the Hudl Ubersense App across a pre-determined randomised set of 20 functional knee angles between 35° and 130°. This was then repeated. The pre-agreed standard of concurrent validity was that 95% of Hudl Ubersense App measurements would be within 5° of the electrogoniometer and differences were displayed in Bland-Altman plots. Results: Thirty nine (97%) of the forty app readings differed from the corresponding electrogoniometer readings by less than 5°. The mean differences between the electrogoniometer and Hudl Ubersense App measurements over each trial were 1.75° and 0.80° respectively, indicating a high level of concurrent validity. There was less than 1.0° mean difference between the first and second set of results indicating a high level of intra-rater reliability. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Hudl Ubersense App has high levels of concurrent validity (using the electrogoniometer as the gold standard) and intra-rater reliability, scoring better than previous research on the current clinical measuring device, the universal goniometer. The Hudl Ubersense App has clinical advantages over the electrogoniometer, so further research is recommended to determine its inter-rater reliability, acceptability, and appropriate clinical practice procedures.
  • 摘要：Predictors of performance can aid coaches and trainers in prescribing exercise programs for rowing athletes. To date, most of the prediction models have been developed for runners and cyclists. Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a regression model to predict performance of a simulated 2 kilometer rowing ergometer time trial. Methods: A group of mixed gender rowing athletes (n = 12) completed in a counterbalanced order a 2 kilometer rowing time trial and a continuous progressively incremented graded exercise test on a rowing ergometer. Subjects were 23.91 ± 4.99 years old, weighed 79.14 ± 12.85 kg, were 187.38 ± 12.60 cm, had a VO2max of 55.48 ± 10.32 mL/kg/min and had 3.17 ± 2.79 years of rowing experience. Physiological measures were recorded during both testing protocols. Results: Maximum power/stroke ratio (r =-0.96, p < 0.001), power/stroke ratio at the ventilatory breakpoint (r =-0.90, p < 0.001), maximal oxygen uptake (r =-0.84, p < 0.001) and oxygen uptake at the ventilatory breakpoint (r =-0.82, p < 0.001) were found to be strong and significant predictors of 2 kilometer rowing performance. Conclusion: The four significant predictors of rowing performance suggest training should focus on improving both aerobic capacity and strength. Practical Application: Rowing training should focus on developing hip and leg aerobic and anaerobic capacities to improve performance. Developing strength improves mechanical efficiency as well as raising anaerobic thresholds allowing athletes to utilize a larger portion of their aerobic capacity.
  • 摘要：Background: Low levels of ambiguity tolerance and distress tolerance observed in people with hemophilia lead to decreasing their function and quality of life. How positive thinking training program affects tolerance of ambiguity and distress is not completely understood. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to explain the role of positive thinking training in men with hemophilia of Lorestan province and examine its effectiveness on ambiguity tolerance and distress tolerance. Method: The statistical population of this study included 129 patients with hemophilia who were a member of Hemophilia Association of Lorestan province. Thirty (30) patients who were randomly selected were randomly assigned to the experimental group (N = 15) and the control group (N = 15). The design of present study was an experimental design with the pre- and post-test that the experimental group received a positive thinking training. Eight techniques that were adapted from Seligman’s techniques were used to teach positive thinking. These techniques were held in 8-two hours sessions (two sessions per week). The instrument of this study included Simons and Gaher’s distress tolerance scale and McLean and David’s ambiguity tolerance questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance. Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between scores of post-test and follow-up of two variables in two groups. Conclusion: The amount of ambiguity tolerance and distress tolerance increased in the experimental group in comparison with control group.
  • 摘要：On the basis of “Healthy China 2030” Blueprint, this paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the current situation of insufficient physical activities on the background of China’s social development, explores the role of exercise prescription in improving the performance of the national’s functional quality during national fitness and physical medicine integration, provides reasonable exercise advice and programs for different populations, and analyzes and summarizes the development trend and direction of exercise prescriptions.
  • 摘要：With the recent decision by the International Olympic Committee to include rock climbing in the 2020 Olympic Games, climbers and coaches are seeking information to enhance training methods and improve performance. The purpose of this study was two-fold:(1) to evaluate climbing-specific fitness and establish percentile rankings among youth climbers;and (2) determine the relationship between fitness and climbing performance. Anthropometrics, fitness, and performance on three indoor bouldering problems ranging in difficulty from V0-V8 were assessed in 64 youth climbers (35 girls, 29 boys) aged 7-17 from the United States. Data are reported by age groups (7-11;12-17 y) and gender. Percentile rankings of fitness scores were computed for girls and boys separately. Analysis of variance was used to compare fitness by age groups and by gender. Regression analysis evaluated the association between climbing performance and fitness. Fitness scores were generally higher among boys than girls, and older vs. younger climbers. Multivariable linear regression revealed that, after adjusting for age, gender, and anthropometrics, fitness variables explained 49% of the variance in performance. Climbing-specific fitness measures previously established on adults are associated with bouldering performance in youth climbers, and therefore may be useful for monitoring progress in training.
  • 摘要：The purpose of this study was to investigate exercise motivation of a Generation Z sample and to compare exercise motivation between Generation Z and Y. College students from Generation Z (N = 1,457) and Y (N = 2,199) completed the exercise motivation inventory. A two time-point cross sectional quasi-experimental design was implemented for this study. The strongest exercise motivators for Generation Z college students were strength/endurance, ill-health avoidance, and positive health. Generation Z participants scored statistically significantly higher across all subscales of the EMI-2 (exercise motivation inventory-2) when compared to Generation Y. Understanding generational differences in exercise motivation can help in tailoring effective physical activity interventions.
  • 摘要：In sports sciences, blood lactate is commonly measured for performance testing or setting exercise intensity. Differences in measuring lactate concentration over time and across sampling sites during constant exercise are unknown. We aimed to compare blood lactate concentration across sampling sites during constant exercise. Eight participants performed three bouts of 20-min steady-state cycle exercise, consisting of 45, 60, and 75% of peak oxygen uptake (V . O2peak). Blood lactate levels were measured simultaneously from the fingertip and earlobe every 5 min during exercise. The time course analysis revealed that lactate level in the fingertip was significantly higher than in the earlobe at either work intensity (P < 0.05). A significant interaction effect (site x time) was observed at 60% V O2peak (P < 0.001), which indicated that the difference in samples across sampling sites decreased over time. The levels in the fingertip samples were higher at 5 min (P < 0.05);this difference was not noted after 10 min. Similarly, the fingertip values were significantly higher until 10 min (P < 0.05), but not after 15 min at 75% V O2peak. These findings suggest that the sampling site may affect the time course of change in lactate value under a constant workload.
  • 摘要：This study aimed to clarify the immediate effect that trunk muscle exercise has on muscle reaction time, and to clarify the effect of 2-week exercise on muscle reaction time. The study showed that as for immediate effects, the muscle reaction time was significantly shortened in the TrA/OI (transversus abdominis muscle/obliquus internus muscle) of two exercise groups. However, the immediate effect seen before the 2-week trunk muscle exercise intervention disappeared after the intervention. In addition, trunk muscle exercise intervention for 2 weeks significantly shortened the muscle reaction time of TrA/OI in one exercise group. Furthermore, shortening of the muscle reaction time was also observed in the MF (multifidus muscle) of both exercise groups. The factors affecting the muscle reaction time of TrA observed in this study were considered to be an improvement of neuromuscular function by the central nervous system. It was also considered that 2-week exercise intervention has a lower value after 2 weeks due to an improvement of neuromuscular function by the central nervous system, and an immediate effect could not be obtained with the same exercise as at the time of intervention.

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