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Inventors, firms, and the market for technology during the Kaiserreich, 1877--1914.

机译:1877--1914年德国皇帝时期的发明家,公司和技术市场。

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This dissertation is an economic history of technology during the Kaiserreich that highlights the role of a group of highly skilled and highly educated class of workers, German inventors. The 1877 German patent law created a complex framework for individual inventors who sought returns on their innovative ideas and for firms who had the resources to commercialize and exploit the new technology. Based on the contrast between my quantitative findings and the existing literature, I argue that changing patterns of inventive activity, within the context of national intellectual property rights institutions have been poorly understood in the case of imperial Germany. My analysis of the impact of the first national patent law in Germany and its effects on the development of a domestic market for technology during a period of rapid and intense industrialization contributes to the historical and economic study of national patent systems and how well they promote inventive activity using monopolistic practices in a free market economy while fostering the dissemination of technological knowledge for broad public consumption. I use patent statistics to provide quantitative evidence for understanding inventive activity in Germany between 1880 and 1910 to challenge the traditional interpretation of German industrialization that has focused on its "peculiar" path. My analysis shows that independent inventors were a significant source of new technology. Analyzing patterns in patent applications, grants, and renewals, I argue that independent inventors used unique features of the patent system to developing strategies of inexpensive short-term protection that enabled them to pursue independent careers in invention alongside firms with much greater resources to devote to such activity. I also use archival records of chemists working at a large chemical firm to reveal how firms developed strategies of incentives and restrictions to reward and encourage employee-inventors while reserving exclusive rights to the commercial exploitation of this work. One measure of success of the German patent system to raise the potential returns to inventive activity among all inventors, individuals and firms alike, was reflected in the management strategies to negotiate the proprietary boundaries of the inventive activity conducted by their employees.
机译:这篇论文是德国皇帝时期技术的经济史,着重强调了一群高技能和高学历的工人(德国发明家)的作用。 1877年的德国专利法为寻求创新思想回报的个人发明者和有资源将新技术商业化和利用的公司创建了一个复杂的框架。根据我的定量研究结果与现有文献之间的对比,我认为在帝国德国的情况下,人们对在国家知识产权机构范围内发明活动的变化模式知之甚少。我对德国第一部国家专利法的影响及其在快速密集的工业化时期对技术国内市场发展的影响的分析有助于对国家专利制度的历史和经济研究以及它们如何促进发明创造在自由市场经济中利用垄断做法开展活动,同时促进技术知识的传播,以供广大公众消费。我使用专利统计数据来提供定量的证据,以了解1880年至1910年间德国的发明活动,以挑战传统的对德国工业化的解释,这种解释集中于德国的“奇特”之路。我的分析表明,独立的发明者是新技术的重要来源。通过分析专利申请,授权和续展中的模式,我认为独立发明人利用专利制度的独特功能来开发廉价的短期保护策略,使他们能够与拥有更多资源的公司一起从事发明的独立事业。这样的活动。我还使用在一家大型化学公司工作的化学家的档案记录,来揭示公司如何制定激励和限制策略,以奖励和鼓励雇员发明家,同时保留此项工作的商业开发专有权。德国专利制度能否成功地提高所有发明者,个人和公司之间的发明活动的潜在回报的一种措施,反映在谈判其雇员进行的发明活动的专有界限的管理策略中。

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