摘要：Association study in infection，Infection disease exert evolution pressure inhuman population，Malaria and sickle-cell anaemia risk allele，Advantage of association study，Linkage analysis need multiple affected and unaffected relatives，Family-based, case-control or cohort data，Fine localization and identification of causative lociwith high-throughout technology，GWAS-basic analysis，GWAS-advanced analysis.TLR (Toll-like receptors) history.Toll:function in the embryonic dosal-ventraldevelopment of Drosophila (1988, cell 52:269).Drosophila with a loss of function mutation for Tollexhibits a high susceptibility to fungal infection(1996, cell 86:973).TLR: the so-called Toll-like receptors, humanhomolog genes for Toll(1997, 1998).TLR4 is the LPS sensor in both mice and humans(1998, Science 282:2085).Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptorsfor intracellular LPS (2014, Nature 514:187).
