A source for toilet flushing and for cooling, sewage treatment benefits,and phosphorus recovery-, direct use of seawater in an age of rapid urbanisation

摘要

Water, food, energy and sanitation are basic human needs, yet their supply is far from adequate. Currently, 925 million people are malnourished, 900 million people lack safe drinking water, and 2.6 billion people are without adequate sanitation worldwide. The situation is worsening on a daily basis as a result of population growth, global warming and climate change. Phosphorus is an essential element, yet reserves are rapidly depleting. Conventional sewage treatment processes (STPs) produce large quantities of waste sludge, the treatment and disposal of which require significant amounts of money and energy. All these issues have one thing in common - they can be mitigated through the exploitation of seawater.