Deposit Formation in Spiral-Wound Reverse-Osmosis and Nanofiltration Elements and Ways of Preventing It

摘要

Mechanisms governing scale formation on membrane surfaces and the main ways of preventing them for spiral wound reverse-osmosis and nanofiltration elements are considered. The effectiveness of ultra-filtration as a comprehensive water pretreatment method for reducing the risks of deposit formation in the nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes is demonstrated.