When Tara O'Toole took over as undersecretary of science and technology at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in November 2009, she knew it was among the least enviable jobs in federal science administration. Since its inception in 2002, the department's science and technology directorate has been something of a black sheep among government science agencies. Congress has repeatedly criticized it for failing to set priorities for itself and failing to provide adequate support and tools for border protection, cargo screening, airport security, and other homeland security missions. University researchers
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