Understanding and analysing the complexity and contingency of what is 'going on' with the substantive representation of women (SRW) requires a 'thick' contextual framework comprising a whole-system approach rather than a narrow focus on whether or not female political representatives 'act for' women. A new schema is presented which enables us to locate and analyse the critical actors, sites and dynamics of SRW, over time, and in concrete gendered institutions and situations. The framework also addresses the question of what counts as the SRW.
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