A failure of methods, not philosophy

摘要

In the fall of 1991, a client said to me, "Rick, I've been around for a while. I've seen management by objectives; zero-base budgeting; matrix management; centralization and decentralization; theories X, Y, and Z; the managerial grid; strategic business units; management by walking around; and one-minute managing all come and go. Why should I except total quality management (TQM) to be any different?"