Seasonal food web structures and sympagic-pelagic coupling in the European Arctic revealed by stable isotopes and a two-source food web model

摘要

We simultaneously followed stable carbon (δ~(13)C) and nitrogen (δ~(15)N) isotopes in a two-source food web model to determine trophic levels and the relative importance of open water- and ice-associated food sources (phytoplankton vs. ice algae) in the lower marine food web in the European Arctic during four seasons. The model is based upon extensive seasonal data from 1995 to 2001. Phytoplankton, represented by samples of particulate organic matter from open water (Pelagic-POM) and ice algae, represented by samples from the underside of the ice (Ice-POM), were isotopically different. Ice-POM was generally dominated by the typical ice diatoms Nitzschia frigida and Melosira arctica and was more enriched than Pelagic-POM in ~(13)C (δ~(13)C = -20per thousand vs. -24per thousand), but less enriched in ~(15)N (δ~(15)N = 1.8per thousand vs. 4.0per thousand). However, when dominated by pelagic algae, Ice-POM was enriched in ~(13)C and ~(15)N similarly to Pelagic-POM. The derived trophic enrichment factors for δ~(15)N (Δ_N = 3.4per thousand) and δ~(13)C (Δ_C = 0.6per thousand) were similar in both pelagic and sympagic (ice-associated) systems, although the Δ_C for the sympagic system was variable. Trophic level (TL) range for zooplankton (TL = 1.8-3.8) was similar to that of ice fauna (TL = 1.9-3.7), but ice amphi-pods were generally less enriched in δ~(15)N than zooplankton, reflecting lower δ~(15)N in Ice-POM compared to Pelagic-POM. For bulk zooplankton, TLs and carbon sources changed little seasonally, but the proportion of herbivores was higher during May-September than in October and March. Overall, we found that the primary carbon source for zooplankton was Pelagic-POM (mean 74%), but depending on species, season and TL, substantial carbon (up to 50%) was supplied from the sympagic system. For bulk ice fauna, no major changes were found in TLs or carbon sources from summer to autumn. The primary carbon source for ice fauna was Ice-POM (mean 67%), although ice fauna with TL > 3 (adult Onisimus nanseni and juvenile polar cod) primarily utilized a pelagic food source.